International Division of Labor Equal Distribution of...

International division of labor can raises the incomes in depressed areas of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and achieve a more equal distribution of income in the world. However, it cause many hardship in the immigration areas as it is not practical on a large scale. This problem can be solved by industrialization with prerequisite that the industrialization takes place in a large area in order to achieve the most optimal result. Basically, there are 2 ways of industrialization. The first way is own industrialization based on the â€Å"Russian Model† which do not have international investment. This approach build up all stages of industry such as light industry and heavy industry. At the end, the economy will built like a vertical industrial†¦show more content†¦However, this method does not work well because the training workers may work for other firms after the training. Yet, this method is a good method from the point of view of the State because the social marginal net product is substantial than the private marginal net product. Besides, this method is costly and considered as capital investment. However, these are not the main factors in favor of this huge investment. In fact, the interdependent of different industries is the most important reason. Whole system of industries contribute more to the world output if compared to one industry only. Interdependent system also reduces the possibility of low sales and hence decrease the costs. This is a different case of â€Å"external economies†. There are 2 others types of â€Å"external economies†. The first one is the strictly Marshallian economies external to a firm within a growing industry. The second type is economies external to one industry because of the growth of other industries. The present institutions of investments do not have the benefit of external economies. There is no incentive for them to invest in investment which has high return in â€Å"social marginal net product†. In contrast, the key factor of investment is the profitable prospect of the investment. If the industrialization of international depressed area totally depend on the incentive of the entrepreneurs, industrialization will not proceed gradually. In fact, investment willShow MoreRelatedGlobal Inequality And Its Impact On The World s Population1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthe radically uneven distribution of income. When this problem extends to globalization, it is heavily ambiguous in terms of its long-term implications, sociall y and politically as well. When one explores the fascinating limits of globalization, it is possible to consider why many in the world’s population have various reservations about its real outreach on a worldwide scale. When considering the reach of globalization and its increasingly apparent correlation with income inequality at–large,Read MoreThe Multifaceted State Of South Africa Underwent Vast Reconstruction1518 Words   |  7 Pagesexperienced transformative changes in the racial, economic and societal relations of the region. Aside from the divisions and devastations the country faced as a result of apartheid the country also opened its economy to international business, deregulating major sectors of its economy and engaging in trade liberalization policies in an attempt to spur economic growth and international trade (Schreiner, Mohapi Koppen, 2004). The positive economic development that was expected as a result of theseRead MoreThe Issue Of South Africa1714 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept behind apartheid emerged in 1948 when the nationalist party took over government, and the all-white government enforced â€Å"racial segregation under a system of legislation† . 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This paper intendsRead MoreGender Equality And Empowerment Of Women1562 Words   |  7 Pages Going along with that the media can possibly play a huge role in the sense of reaching out for awareness of this specific issue, while emphasizing intervention and the need for creation of policies that can assist women in their equal opportunity to earn higher income so that the wage gap can be closed. Theory and assumptions ``The story hasn`t changed; the numbers are worse now,`` said Pearce, director of research for the Center for National Policy Review in Washington. ``The `feminization ofRead MoreFinancial Aspects of Wal-Mart Corporation1080 Words   |  5 Pages2005 to February 2009, Mike served as vice chairman of the company, with responsibility for Wal-Mart International. As CEO, Mike leads a strong management team that is focused on keeping Wal-Mart’s mission of â€Å"saving people money so they can live better† relevant to every customer, every day. Since joining Wal-Mart in 1995, Mike has led the logistics, distribution and administration divisions as well as Wal-Mart U.S. As vice chairman, Mike was actively involved in developing and executing corporateRead MoreUnderstanding Capitalism And The Need For Government Intervention2114 Words   |  9 PagesWendy Diep International Political Economy Essay #1 October 20, 2014 Understanding Capitalism and the Need for Government Intervention In today’s capitalistic society, â€Å"liberal† and â€Å"conservative† are common terms we use to classify a political party, candidate, or even ourselves. But what does this mean? Choosing to identify as a liberal or conservative has a lot to do with what one believes is the appropriate level of government intervention in terms of the economy. Liberals believe it is theRead MoreSocial Reproduction Theory And The American Education System1224 Words   |  5 Pages Social reproduction theory is important and relevant to society because it challenges an institution that we have been socialized to honor and protect. In America, we believe that we have equal opportunities to succeed by educating ourselves in the school system. However, our social class and identity dictate how much access we have to those very opportunities that can lead to success. By examining this theory of social reproduction, we can further understand the roles that culture and social classRead MoreLiberalism Is The Root Of Our American Soil Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesto achieve equal opportunity and equalities for every individual in our society. 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Industrial Location Theory as defined by German economist Alfred Weber is a theory that looks at how businesses will seek to locate to areas where the cost of transportation, labor, and raw materials of the final product are at a minimum and the expected demand for that

Nonviolence And Just War Theory - 2838 Words

Nonviolence and Just War Theory â€Å"Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God.† (Matthew 5:9) Historically, there has been consistent disagreement between political philosophers regarding the possibility of a justification of war. Theorists from Grotius to Gandhi have from time immemorial argued about whether violence can ever be sanctioned as a viable recourse for preventing evil. History itself, at various times, seems to offer lessons regarding the complexity of the issue—demonstrating both the human capacity, if unchecked, to cause immense destruction and evil and the inherent destruction that accompanies the common means of using war and violence to rid the world of such evils. However, it is clear that neither†¦show more content†¦Nonviolence, on the other hand, has no cause for fear†¦nonviolence has to cultivate the capacity for sacrifice of the highest type in order to be free from fear. (Kibriya, p. 68) What is essential here for Gandhi is that nonviolence is inherently linked to sacrifice, not struggle. This is to say that while a warrior participates in violence in an attempt to prevent potential harm to himself (we might term this the courage of self-defense), the practitioner of nonviolence instead learns to accept the harm, and in doing so participates in a higher act of virtue—the courage of willing self-sacrifice. However, as Terry Beitzel points out, Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence is not solely based on his understanding of the virtue of courage. Rather, Gandhi makes a normative commitment to nonviolence on the basis that it has epistemological value. Beitzel writes: For Gandhi, life is an experiment with Truth. That is, as we seek truth, we enter a process of moving toward it—a process we never cease because we never fully arrive. Because of our finitude, we must always be learning from others, including our adversaries. Truth is too big, and we are each to limited, to think that we may know the truth fully. (Beitzel, p. 63) It is this semi-skeptic pluralism that forms the background to Gandhi’s understanding of nonviolence. But it is not simply based in his belief in the infinite and thus unknowable nature of truth; rather,Show MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr.922 Words   |  4 Pageswhere racial tensions were high and not everyone was treated equally. He fought for a world where there would be no more segregation and no more disparity between the ways blacks are viewed compared to that of whites. In doing so, he preaches about nonviolence in order to keep the movement honorable. 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In war, you have a right to kill because you are threatened. c. By being a murderer, you wage war on the citizens. d. It is morally justified to kill criminals who have lost their right to life and whom we have a right to kill. e. Therefore, death penalty is morally justified. 3) Though the claimRead MoreEssay about Thoreau: Right or Wrong?757 Words   |  4 Pagesnonviolent to the point that you make rude comments about soldiers going to war (Mexican War), then you need to hold true to that philosophy. To me it is hypocritical to advocate nonviolence in one situation, and defend it in another. How about the subject of paying taxes? Thoreau walked on roads that taxes paid to build, yet he refuses to help pay for these roads via taxation. 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Spiritual Leadership

Question: Write an essay on Spiritual Leadership. Answer: Spiritual Leadership Roland Regan once a great leader said that the greatest leader is not necessarily the one who does great things. Instead a great leader is one who makes the people do great things. Leadership refers to the ability of an organization's management to make proper decisions and inspire other employees to work efficiently. Good leaders lead their organization effectively. One emerging style of management is known as Spiritual leadership, whose motto is to go beyond the individual and the team to increase productivity. Spiritual leadership has emerged from the word spirit. Spirit has emerged from the Latin word spiritus means breath. Spirit is an abstract power which keeps a human being alive. Spiritual leadership first appeared in a Business Week article from 2005 entitled How to put spiritual values to work. According to Arshad and Abbasi, (2014), spiritual leadership motivates the employees through hope or faith in the vision. The vision is to have a prosperous future for both the employee and the employer. The stakeholders depend on the altruistic nature of the leaders. Altruistic means selflessness. Selflessness motivates the workers. A selflessness leader gives more priority to subordinates. In an organization when a leader adopts a selfless attitude and help subordinates, the subordinates look towards the leader as a parental figure. Spiritual leaders protect their subordinates and employees as their own child. This leadership strategy helps the leader to develop a sense of appreciation towards their employees. Employees feel attached to the leader and give maximum output. Spiritual leadership is a style that creates a sense of well-being for both the leader and fol lower (Klaus Fernando, 2016). It is mainly found in churches and religious places. The idea is taken from religious places and is applied in business and organizations. Spirituality brings purity and unity among the leaders and subordinates. Spiritual leadership has started keeping in thought the well being of the employees. Spiritual leadership is followed in Infosys. Workplace Spirituality Spiritual leadership has been implemented by organizations like Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, and Deloitte. According to researchers who conducted studies at these institutions, spirituality changes the minds of leaders and helps them to stay calm during stressful situations (Geh, 2014). Spiritual leaders remove ego among the employees which results in increasing output. Common practices of spirituality in Workplace include ethics, core values and proper work-life balance. Spirituality also reduces negative attitudes among employees and might make them feel content. It seems that when practiced correctly, Spiritual leadership creates a sense of togetherness and fraternity among the workers (Ehrensperger, 2013). In workplace spirituality is followed through meditation, counseling and core values. Spiritual Leadership is necessary for today's organizational structure. Spirituality reduces ego problem among workers and creates unity. Unity helps to increase the productivity of the organization. Spirituality focuses on improving the values of an organization or society. Spiritual leadership creates a sense of mutual helpfulness, humility, diversification and strength among the employees of any organization. Mutual helpfulness This plays a significant role in building a strong team. Mutual helpfulness means a proper understanding between the leader and other employees. Leaders will inspire their employees not to engage in quarrels among themselves. Instead, a spiritual leader should encourage a friendly atmosphere in the workplace .Experienced and reliable employees should help the new employees (Ehrensperger, 2013). Humility: An individual who is humble and listens to their employees emerges as a real leader. Generosity in the workplace and strategic tools are useful to overcome problems. The leader should seek help from the juniors, seniors, and peers to achieve this goal. The leader is not ashamed of asking for help, and this serves as a great example to all the employees (Saeed et al., 2013).On the other hand, Klaus and Fernando (2016) affirm that seeking help from employees will make a leader a common person. Leader engages employees in a meeting through interview sessions and asks employees to give suggestions. Diversification: Diversification is an important tool without which existing in the competitive world would be difficult. Diversification is the process in which thought and actions of an individual has to be changed to adjust in new circumstances. Spiritual leadership encourages diversification (Arshad Abbasi, 2014). A leader able to diversify his thoughts and thinking will be a great achiever. A leader should always encouraged employees to provide new suggestions to improve working conditions. If the suggestions are acceptable then it should be quickly implemented. The leader should accept changes and act accordingly. On the other hand, Sweeney and Fry (2012), believe that diversification can create confusion in the minds of the employees. Subordinates will be confused among which action to carry out. Strength: Spiritual leadership encourages strength as a useful tool. According to Klaus Fernando, (2016), a leader should lead a team from the front in case of adversity. During challenging times, a leader should help his colleagues, juniors, and peers overcome their difficulties. This attitude of a leader will make the employees feel happy and comfortable. Spiritual leadership helps a leader to remain calm when a difficult situation arises in the organization. A spiritual leader should remain steady and make necessary decisions ( Geh, 2014). Advantages Spirituality lies in the workplace. Spirituality in workplace reduces the mental pressure of the employees. For example, when an employee feels disheartened, spiritual leaders motivate them through spiritual speeches at the workplace. This refreshes the mind of the worker, as illustrated by Deloitte (Geh, 2014). It has been found spiritually motivated employees provide a better output. Spiritual leadership encourages transformation to achieve success, converting the workplace into a more humane environment and creating a sense of belonging. A perception of belief, support, and adjustment develops among the leader and the employees. This increases the productivity of the organization (Saeed et al., 2013). Limitations of Spiritual Leadership In organizations leaders have to make decisions quickly and accordingly. . In some cases, Spiritual leadership may slow the decision process. This sometimes hurts the growth of the organization (Geh, 2014). I am the middle level manager of Pizza Hut in Las Vegas. The work culture in the organization demotivates the workers in the organization. The main reason for conflict is miscommunication with management. Therefore, I have applied the spiritual leadership in the organization. The workers feel happy as they can spend some time in yoga, which reduces the pressure of the work culture. Yoga removes tension among the employees and they feel relaxed. Equal treatments to all the employees have made me a good manager and the workers feel free to share their problems. This has created unity among the managers and subordinates. Conclusion From the discussion it is suggested that Spiritual Leadership reduces pressure felt by employees. Due to the implementation of this leadership style, employee satisfaction and belonging may be increased. Spiritual leadership is followed in many organizations, and the results have been satisfactory. In future spiritual leadership should be adopted by many organizations. References Arshad, A., Abbasi, A. S. (2014). Spiritual leadership and psychological ownership: Mediating role of spiritual wellbeing.Science International,26(3), 1265. Ehrensperger, K. (2013).Emerging leadership in the pauline mission: A social identity perspective on local leadership development in Corinth and Ephesus. Washington: Catholic Biblical Association of America. Klaus, L., Fernando, M. (2016). Enacting spiritual leadership in business through ego-transcendence: Leadership Organization Development Journal,37(1), 71-92. Saeed, T., Almas, S., Anis-ul-Haq, M., Niazi, G. (2014). Leadership styles: Relationship with conflict management styles.International Journal of Conflict Management,25(3), 214-225. Sweeney, P. J., Fry, L. W. (2012). Character development through spiritual leadership.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research,64(2), 89-107. doi:10.1037/a0028966Geh, E. (2014). Organizational spiritual leadership of worlds made and found: An experiential learning model for feel.Leadership Organization Development Journal,35(2), 137-151. doi:10.1108/LODJ-04-2012-0052

Vegetarianism Essay Research Paper Vegetarianism is the free essay sample

Vegetarianism Essay, Research Paper Vegetarianism is the restriction of 1s diet to merely veggies. Vegetarianism has been around for centuries, but late we have seen the eruption of a more hawkish vegetarianism that is inspired by the animate being # 8220 ; rights # 8221 ; motion. Today, vegetarian militants are throwing pies at Ronald McDonald and the Pork Queen, scribbling # 8220 ; meat is murder # 8221 ; in outstanding locations, perpetrating terrorist Acts of the Apostless of incendiarism, and engaging media runs comparing meat ingestion with cannibalism. Vegetarians are, on the norm, far healthier than those who consume the typical Western diet, and bask a lower incidence of many chronic diseases. However, it has non been proven that one must extinguish meat from one # 8217 ; s diet in order to be healthy. It has been competently demonstrated that the typical Western diet contains excessively much fat. Extinguishing meat from the diet is one manner to cut down fat, but it is non the lone manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Vegetarianism Essay Research Paper Vegetarianism is the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Vegetarian diets have besides been shown to increase the hazard for alimentary lacks. Children are peculiarly vulnerable and can take to growing jobs. Vegetarian kids frequently fail to turn every bit good as their omnivorous opposite numbers despite protein consumptions. Ecological statements against omnivorous and carnivorous feeding are little more than an effort by those from the less popular animate being # 8220 ; rights # 8221 ; motion to sit the coattails of the more popular environmental motion. In some instances, warnings of impending environmental catastrophe are used to progress an ethical docket. However, statements to the consequence that eating meat is # 8220 ; destructing the planet # 8221 ; overlook that the planet has non yet been destroyed despite 1000000s of old ages of omnivorous and carnivorous feeding by 1000000s of persons from a battalion of species. The Second Law of Thermodynamics dictates that some energy will be necessarily lost as one moves up the nutrient web. Therefore, statements about how it takes X lbs of works protein to bring forth Y lbs of meat have a sound theoretical footing. However, these statements are frequently overstated. These statements falsely assume that porc chops and steak are the lone merchandises of carnal agribusiness. They falsely presume that a lb of carnal groceries is nutritionally and energetically tantamount to a lb of works groceries. These statements besides ignore the energy content and chance cost of replacing carnal byproducts, which is considerable. Even the animal’s body waste is a valuable resource. Certain carnal merchandises, such as foetal calf serum, collagen and laminin are important for medical research utilizing cell civilizations, and have no available options. If certain patterns associated with carnal agribusiness are found to be ecologically unsound, it does non deserve a general resistance to eating meat. Though non practical for everyone, runing and angling beltway any possible ecological devastation associated with works or carnal agribusiness. They are therefore two of the most ecologically sound ways to obtain one’s nutriment. Those who would oppose even limited development of the se options have ethical concerns masquerading as environmental concerns. The most artful ecological gambit made by â€Å"ethical† vegetarians is the â€Å"†¦we could feed X hungering people with Y per centum of the resources devoted to animal agriculture†¦Ã¢â‚¬  statement. First, it falsely implies that worlds are hungering because of deficient production capacity. World hungriness is a consequence of lacking distribution of nutrient, non lacking capacity for production of nutrient. Our capacity to bring forth grain is so huge that we really pay husbandmans non to bring forth. Second, if the statement were valid, the attendant addition in human population would worsen instead than rectify ecological concerns sing human population. Though vegetarianism does offer clear wellness benefits, one demand non go vegetarian in order to hold a healthy diet. Diet is merely one of import facet of wellness. The turning away of harmful wonts such as smoke is as of import, if non more so. Killing less animate existences for nutriment is non ethically superior when 1 can, through fruitarianism, minimise the knowing violent death of all macroscopic existences.

Free Essays on Narrative Essay

As I walked down the hallway to the back, a strong repulsive odor became noticeable. I walked further and the stench grew stronger. I almost couldn’t take it; the smell twisted my stomach almost making me vomit, but I fought the urge and continued on. As I walked on that’s when I heard it, initially muffled and then clearer, it was cries and yelps. It sounded like something was being tortured or murdered in such a way as to extract the last bit of pain from its victim. I pressed on reaching the end of the passage; that’s when I then crossed the threshold into the main room only to have my heart ripped from my chest and thrown to the floor. All I could see was cage after cage of dogs in some of the worst conditions I have ever seen. As I ventured into the room the first thing that jumped out at me were the cages, they were small, and had two to three dogs in each one. The cages were constructed of chain-link fencing on three sides and they were connected to an identical outside enclosure via a hole in a shared block wall. I walked on and noticed that I was starting to sweat. It was awfully hot and uncomfortable in this room; I could only imagine how the animals felt lying on the floor next to the passage that was letting in the blazing inferno of the afternoon sun. As I continued on, I thought to myself, â€Å"They don’t even treat prisoners this badly.† Cringing as I had to pass all the cages I noticed that not only were the cages small, overfilled, and comfortless, they were also filthy. The disgusting odor that had embraced my sense of smell earlier was that of dog urine and excrement. The bear concrete floors of the cages were covered in dried dog urine that in the summer’s heat was releasing a less than desirable aroma. As I approached a cage to see one of the dogs, I noticed fecal matter was spotted all over the floor. If I had to guess I would say that the cages were never cleaned. Caught between sickness... Free Essays on Narrative Essay Free Essays on Narrative Essay â€Å"Stop chasing me!† shrieked the little boy with freckles and fire-red hair. Sheila couldn’t help but stare as she entered her sleek black Mercedes with all-wood paneling and leather interior. She flipped up her cell phone and immediately dialed the number of her office, reaching Suzy, her secretary. Without even a greeting, Sheila began rattling orders away. â€Å"Call Mr. Isham, cancel my appointment at 3:30, have the McLaden, Hyatt, Jacobs, and Smith Warner files on my desk a.s.a.p.† All in one breath. â€Å"Oh, and don’t forget my double espresso with sesame seed bagel. Toasted.† Sheila tries to engulf herself in work whenever possible, which isn’t too hard considering she’s a high priced lawyer in New York earning over $350,000 a year. She made some decisions earlier in her life, which still haunt her and she wonders daily if she made the right choice. Chit chattering of fellow students and constant clicking on keyboards surrounds the busy coffee house, combined with the sweet aroma of espresso blended with whipped cream. All Sheila could think about was the pink plus sign on the pregnancy test. Here she was a junior at Princeton, one of the best schools in the nation, and she was facing the biggest decision she’d ever make. Oh the humiliation she would face from her family and the disappointment that she would cause them, more so to herself. It had been her dream ever since she hit junior high to become a high priced lawyer in New York. â€Å"Hey sweetie. I missed you,† he whispered softy in her ear. â€Å"What’s wrong? Did you get an A- on an exam,† he teased. â€Å"I’m pregnant Keon,† she said in one quick breath. He gently took her in his arms and promised to always be there whenever she need him. Sheila pushed him away and immediately told him her decision without looking up. â€Å"I’m getting an abortion at a local clinic tomorrow,† she sniffled. â€Å"Don’t try to change my mind. As s... Free Essays on Narrative Essay It’s July 1993. I’m 12 years old. We are watching television in the living room. I hear a bird chirping outside the window of the living room. I pull the curtain wide open to see where the chirp was coming from. I saw a baby bird limping on the sidewalk, it must have fell out of the tree, I thought to myself. My instincts told me to go outside and bring the bird inside before a cat gets to it and eats it up. I turn to my brother, who is just sitting in the dining room next to me, and yelled out to him, â€Å"There’s a bird outside limping, lets bring it in the house until it gets better and then we’ll let it go.† My brother and I dash to the door to get the bird. As we both got to the porch and ran down three painted red steps, the bird began to hop towards a bush on the side of the house. Every time we got closer to the bird the louder the bird began to chirp. As the bird reached the bush it was a lot harder to grab it because of all the thorns sticking out of bush. When I finally got hold of the bird and began reaching for it. A loud bang sound had gone of within the neighborhood. It sounded much like a firework that had gone off. I startled from the sound and dropped the bird out of my hand. My brother looked frightened, said to me that the sound of that bang, sounded like gunfire. I told him that it was just some firework down the street since it is almost Fourth of July. So we went back to trying to grab the bird and thought nothing of it. Bang, bang, bang! I startled again and this time I looked up to see what the noise really is. It turned out to be a sound of a gunfire that was coming from the bottom of the street from a brown, dirty, graffiti apartment. I see a man in black jeans and a gray T-shirt running up the hill with a gun in his hand. He is pointing the gun up towards the hill at a woman who is running in and out of the street screaming for help. I took a double look and I see the woman running towards my brothe... Free Essays on Narrative Essay Graduation is supposed to be an exciting time in a person’s life. Their family and friends are to gather and celebrate in the joyous occasion, especially a college graduation. However, my brother’s graduation was a little out of the ordinary. Picture perfect is how it was planned, but God decided to alter this ideal weekend to make it a bit more interesting. My brother decided about five years ago to leave our family and move to Sacramento to go to college. Two and a half years later it was time for him to graduate and time for us to fly up to see it. Airline tickets were bought and hotel reservations were made, we were ready to go. The morning of, my mother called the car rental place to make sure that a car would be there, waiting for us. The lady on the phone told my mom that she had us scheduled to arrive at nine o’clock pm. This posed a huge problem considering that the graduation was a three. After my mom hung up the phone she called the airline to check the flight. She found out that when she asked for an early morning flight the person who helped us put us on a nine o’clock flight thinking that it was in the morning, but he failed to notice the pm attached to the time. So off we went dodging the cars of the morning rush hour traffic to make it to the airport on time. My other brother, Rob, was going to meet us there so we could all go together. My mother tried and tried to get a hold of him, but was unsuccessful. We arrived only to find Rob waiting there for us ready to go, it was an enormous relief. So we boarded the plane anticipating all the relaxation that could be accomplished on the hour and a half flight to Sacramento. The ride was calming and peaceful for all about an hour until the captain came on the intercom and announced heavy fog at the airport we were to arrive at. After that point we flew around for about 20 to 30 minutes until we were directed back ho... Free Essays on Narrative Essay As I walked down the hallway to the back, a strong repulsive odor became noticeable. I walked further and the stench grew stronger. I almost couldn’t take it; the smell twisted my stomach almost making me vomit, but I fought the urge and continued on. As I walked on that’s when I heard it, initially muffled and then clearer, it was cries and yelps. It sounded like something was being tortured or murdered in such a way as to extract the last bit of pain from its victim. I pressed on reaching the end of the passage; that’s when I then crossed the threshold into the main room only to have my heart ripped from my chest and thrown to the floor. All I could see was cage after cage of dogs in some of the worst conditions I have ever seen. As I ventured into the room the first thing that jumped out at me were the cages, they were small, and had two to three dogs in each one. The cages were constructed of chain-link fencing on three sides and they were connected to an identical outside enclosure via a hole in a shared block wall. I walked on and noticed that I was starting to sweat. It was awfully hot and uncomfortable in this room; I could only imagine how the animals felt lying on the floor next to the passage that was letting in the blazing inferno of the afternoon sun. As I continued on, I thought to myself, â€Å"They don’t even treat prisoners this badly.† Cringing as I had to pass all the cages I noticed that not only were the cages small, overfilled, and comfortless, they were also filthy. The disgusting odor that had embraced my sense of smell earlier was that of dog urine and excrement. The bear concrete floors of the cages were covered in dried dog urine that in the summer’s heat was releasing a less than desirable aroma. As I approached a cage to see one of the dogs, I noticed fecal matter was spotted all over the floor. If I had to guess I would say that the cages were never cleaned. Caught between sickness...

The Unsolved Case of the Zodiac Killer

The Unsolved Case of the Zodiac Killer The Zodiac Killer was a serial killer who stalked parts of Northern California from December 1968 through October 1969. Through a series of cryptic letters he sent to the press and others, he disclosed his motivation for the killings, offered clues to future murder plots, and adopted the nickname Zodiac. He took responsibility for murdering as many as 37 people, but police investigators have only confirmed five deaths and seven total attacks.   December 20, 1968   Betty Lou Jensen, 16, and David Arthur Faraday, 17, were parked at a secluded spot located on Lake Herman Road on the eastern side Vallejo, California. Witnesses noticed the young couple huddled together in the front seat of Faradays Rambler station wagon between around 10:15 and 11:00 p.m. Nothing about the couple seemed unusual to bystanders. But by 11:15 the scene had taken a tragic turn. The couple was discovered lying on the ground outside their bullet-riddled car. Betty Lou was found several feet from the car, dead from five gunshot wounds in the back. David was found closeby. He had been shot at close range in the head  but was still breathing. He died  en route to the hospital. Clues Detectives had few clues, aside from the fact that there was an earlier confrontation in the same area. Bill Crow and his girlfriend were parked in the same place as Faraday and Jensen just 45 minutes earlier. Crow told police that someone driving a white Chevy drove past them, stopped, and backed up. For unknown reasons, Crow sped away in the opposite direction. The Chevy turned around and followed the couple, but was unable to keep up after Crow made a sharp right turn at an intersection. Two hunters also reported seeing a white Chevy parked at a gravel turn-around on Lake Herman Road. They approached the car but did not see the driver inside. July 4, 1969   Darlene Elizabeth Ferrin, 22, and Michael Renault Mageau, 19, were parked at the Blue Rock Springs Golf Course in Benicia around midnight. The golf course was four miles from where Jensen and Faraday were gunned down. A car pulled up behind the couples car, blocking them from driving away. A man, who Mageau believed was a police officer, got out of his car holding a bright flashlight that obscured his face. As the stranger approached the drivers side of the car he immediately began shooting at the couple, firing five nine-millimeter rounds into the car. Both Ferrin and Mageau were shot. The shooter turned to leave  but came back after hearing shouts coming from Michael. He fired four more times. One bullet hit Michael and two struck Darlene. The shooter then got into his car and drove away. Within minutes after the attack, three teens came across the couple and hurried to get help. When authorities arrived both Ferrin and Mageau were still alive, but Ferrin died before reaching the hospital. Clues Michael Mageau survived the attack and was able to give a description of the shooter to authorities. He described the attacker as a short, heavyset white man, about 5 8 and around 195 pounds. The Call At 12:40 a.m. an anonymous male caller contacted the Vallejo Police Department and reported the double murder. During the call, he also said he was responsible for the Jensen and Faraday murders. Police traced the call and found it was made from a phone booth located just blocks from the police department and less than a mile from Darlene Ferrins home. The caller told police: I wish to report a double murder. If you will go one mile east on Columbus Parkway to a public park, you will find the kids in a brown car. They have been shot by a nine-millimeter Luger. I also killed those kids last year. Good-bye The Zodiac Letters On Friday, August 1, 1969, the first known Zodiac letters were received by three newspapers. The San Francisco Examiner, San Francisco Chronicle,  and Vallejo Times-Herald each received an almost identical letter written by a person who took credit for the attacks on the four teens. He also gave details about the murders and included one-third of a mysterious cipher in each letter. The self-proclaimed killer demanded that the three letters be published on the front page of each newspaper by that Friday afternoon or he would go on a rampage and randomly kill a dozen people over the weekend. The letters were signed with a crossed-circle symbol. The letters were published and efforts to untangle the messages in the ciphers began by authorities and citizens. August 4, 1969 Police investigators stated publicly that they had doubts as to the authenticity of the letters in an attempt to get the killer to contact them again. The plan worked. On August 4th, another letter arrived at the San Francisco Examiner. The letter began with the words that have since haunted many involved in the case: Dear Editor This is the Zodiac speaking... It was the first time the killer used the name Zodiac. In the letter, the Zodiac included information which proved he was present during the murders and a message that his identity was hidden inside the ciphers. August 8, 1969 A high school teacher and his wife cracked the 408-symbol cipher. The last 18 letters could not be decoded. The message read: I LIKE KILLING PEOPLE BECAUSE IT IS SO MUCH FUN IT IS MORE FUN THAN KILLING WILD GAME IN THE FORREST BECAUSE MAN IS THE MOST DANGEROUE ANAMAL OF ALL TO KILL SOMETHING GIVES ME THE MOST THRILLING EXPERENCE IT IS EVEN BETTER THAN GETTING YOUR ROCKS OFF WITH A GIRL THE BEST PART OF IT IS THAE WHEN I DIE I WILL BE REBORN IN PARADICE AND THEI HAVE KILLED WILL BECOME MY SLAVES I WILL NOT GIVE YOU MY NAME BECAUSE YOU WILL TRY TO SLOI DOWN OR ATOP MY COLLECTIOG OF SLAVES FOR MY AFTERLIFE EBEORIETEMETHHPITI. The fact that the code did not contain the killers identity was a disappointment to the police, however, some believe the letters can be rearranged (and three more letters added) to spell Robert Emmet the Hippie. September 27, 1969   College students, Cecelia Ann Shepard, 22, and Bryan Calvin Hartnell, 20, were picnicking on a peninsula at Lake Berryessa near Napa, Ca. A man carrying a semi-automatic pistol and wearing a hooded costume approached the couple. He told them that he was an escaped convict from a Montana prison where he killed a guard and stole a car and that he wanted money and their car to drive to Mexico. The couple was cooperating fully with his demands, offering him money and the car keys and the three talked for  a while. He instructed Shepard to hog-tie Bartnell with precut pieces of a clothesline that he supplied. He then tied up Shepard and told the couple, Im going to have to stab you  people, and took out a long double-edged knife and stabbed Hartnell six times and Shepard ten times. He left the couple for dead and walked casually back to Hartnells car where he drew a crossed-circle symbol in black magic marker on the side of the car and the dates of the attacks in Vallejo. A  fisherman  discovered the couple and called the police. Both victims were still alive, but it took over an hour for medical help to arrive. Shepard died two days later after lapsing into a coma. Hartnell survived and gave police a detailed account of the events as well as a description of the attacker. The Call At 7:40 p.m. an anonymous caller contacted the Napa County Police Department. He spoke to officer David Slaight in what was described as a low, monotone voice. He told Slaight: I want to report a murder - no, a double murder. They are two miles north of park headquarters. They were in a white Volkswagen Karmann Ghia... and ended the call with, Im the one who did it. As in the Vallejo case, the call was traced to a phone booth just a few blocks from the police department. October 11, 1969   San Francisco cab driver Paul Stine, 29, picked up a passenger in Union Square and drove to the wealthy area of Cherry Street and Nob Hill. It was there that the passenger shot Stine in the temple, killing him, then removed his wallet, car keys and carefully tore off a large portion of his shirt. Three youngsters witnessed the event from a second-floor window across from the parked taxi. They contacted the police and described the  shooter  as a  white male, 25 to 30 years old, stocky build and a crew cut. An intensive manhunt was immediately launched, but somehow there was a mistake made as to the killers race and the police were searching for a black male. How this mistake was made was never reported and no one was ever apprehended for the  crime. It was later determined that police drove by a large white male fitting the original description just blocks from the shooting, but because of his  race, the police did not consider him a suspect. October 14, 1969 The Chronicle received another letter from the Zodiac. A piece of Stines  blood-soaked  shirt was enclosed and the author referred to the Stine murder, saying the police failed to catch him because they did not search the area properly. He then pointed to his next intended victims, school children. October 22, 1969 A caller identifying himself as the Zodiac contacted the Oakland Police Department and demanded on-air time on the Jim Dunbar television talk show with F. Lee Bailey or Melvin Belli, both famous defense lawyers. Belli appeared on the show and a call from someone saying they were the Zodiac came in while the show was being televised. He said his real name was Sam and asked that Belli meet him in Daly City. Belli agreed but the caller never showed. It was later determined that the call was a hoax and the imposter was a  mental patient  at the Napa State Hospital. November 1969 On November 8 and 9, the Chronicle received two Zodiac letters. The first one was a 340-character cipher. The second letter was seven pages long and included another piece of Stines shirt. In the letter, he claimed the police had stopped and talked with him three minutes after he shot Stine. He also drew a schematic of what he referred to as his death machine which was made to blow up large objects such as buses. December 20, 1969 Melvin Belli received a Christmas card at his home which included another piece of Stines shirt. In the card the Zodiac claimed he wanted help from Belli, ending with: Please help me I can not remain in control for much longer. Attempts from Belli to get the Zodiac to contact him again were made, but nothing ever happened. Some speculate that the card was written during a moment of clarity, while others believe it was another attention-getting hoax on the part of the Zodiac. March 22, 1970 On the evening of March 22, 1970, Kathleen Johns, who was eight-months pregnant, was on her way to meet her mother. She had her ten-month-old daughter in the back seat of the car. While on Highway 132 in San Joaquin County, west of Modesto, Johns pulled over after a driver pulled up alongside her and indicated that something was wrong with her car. The driver pulled over and told Johns that her wheel was wobbling. He said he would tighten the wheel bolts, but instead loosened them, then returned to his car and drove off. When Johns pulled away her tire fell off. The man in the car was not far ahead and backed up and offered Johns a ride to a gas station. She agreed  but became frightened when he failed to stop  at several  gas stations. The ride took over three hours of what Johns described as, silent aimless driving around. She was able to escape with her child when the driver stopped at an intersection. Johns fled across a field and hid until she saw the man drive away. She received help from a passerby and was taken to the local police department in Paterson. While at the station she saw a  wanted poster  with a composite sketch of the Zodiac and identified the person as the man who kidnapped her. Her car was later found gutted and burned. Throughout the years, Johns account of the nights events has changed from her original statement, leading some to question her story.   This was the last time anyone ever reported seeing the Zodiac. April 20, 1970 The Zodiac sent a letter to the Chronicle which included a 13-character cipher, a diagram of a bomb he planned to use to blow up a school bus, and a statement that he was not responsible for the February 18, 1970, bombing of a police station in San Francisco. He ended the letter with a score  [Zodiac Symbol]10, SFPD0. Authorities interpreted the number ten as a body count.   April 28, 1970 A card was sent to the Chronicle with the words,  I hope you enjoy yourselves when I have my BLAST  along with the cross-circle symbol. On the back of the card, the writer threatened to use his bus bomb if the Chronicle failed to publish the April 20 letter he sent detailing his plans to blow up a school bus. He also requested that people begin wearing Zodiac buttons. June 26, 1970 A letter received  at  the Chronicle contained another 32-letter cipher. The author said he was upset that he had not seen people wearing Zodiac buttons. He took credit for another shooting  but gave no specifics. Investigators suspected it was the shooting death of Sgt. Richard Radetich a week earlier. Also included was a Phillips 66 map of the Bay area. A clock-like face was drawn around Mount Diablo with a zero at the top, the number three on the right side, six on the bottom and a nine of the left side.  Next  to the zero, he wrote,  is to be set to Mag.N. The map and the cipher were supposed to give the location of a bomb he buried that was set to go off the following fall. This letter was signed  [Zodiac Symbol]12. SFPD0. July 24, 1970 In this letter, also sent to the Chronicle, the Zodiac took credit for abducting Kathleen Jones four months earlier and described burning the car, a fact that only one local paper, the Modesto Bee, had printed. July 26, 1970 In this next letter, the Zodiac included his own twisted version of the song  Ive Got a Little List  from Gilbert Sullivans musical, The Mikado. In it, he described how he planned to collect and torture his slaves. Also drawn on the letter was a giant crossed-circle, a score notation of  13, SFPD  and the words, PS. The Mount Diablo Code concerns Radians # inches along the radians. In 1981, Zodiac researcher Gareth Penn figured out that when placing a radian angle over the map, it pointed to two locations where Zodiac attacks took place. October 5, 1970 Three months had passed without any further communication from the Zodiac. Then, a card written with cut-out letters from magazines and newspapers was sent to the Chronicle. The card bore 13 holes and indicated that there had been another Zodiac victim and that he considered himself crackproof. Originally considered as a hoax, certain letter configurations and the phrase crackproof later reappeared in confirmed Zodiac letters, adding new authenticity to this one. October 27, 1970 Paul Avery, the key reporter in the Zodiac case for the Chronicle, received a Halloween card which included a threat on Averys life. The letter was posted in its entirety on the front page of the Chronicle and days later Avery received another letter urging him to investigate the similarities between the known Zodiac murders and the murder of college student Cheri Jo Bates years earlier. A Step Back In Time - October 30, 1966   On October 30, 1966, Cheri Jo Bates, 18, was studying at the Riverside City College library annex until the library closed at 9 p.m. Investigators suspect that her Volkswagen parked outside the library was tampered with prior to her leaving the library. The distributor coil and the condenser had been pulled out and the middle wire of the distributor was disconnected. Police believe that when she tried to start the car the person who disabled it approached her and offered his help. Somehow he lured her into a secluded dark driveway which sat between two empty houses, where police believe the two sat for about an hour and a half. The man later attacked Bates, beating her, slashing at her face and cutting her a total of 11 times, seven of which nearly decapitated her. Clues found at the scene included a size 10 heel-print, a Timex watch with a torn seven-inch wristband displaying the time 12:23, fingerprints and a palm print, skin tissue underneath the victims fingernails and hair and blood in her hands. On November 29, 1966, two identical letters were sent to the Riverside Police and the Riverside Press-Enterprise by someone claiming to be responsible for killing Bates. The letters included a poem titled  The  Cofession[sic] which offered details of the murder that only the police and the killer knew about. The letters also included a warning that she was not the first or the last of his victims. Many interpreted the tone of the letter as very similar to that of the Zodiac letters mailed after the Vallejo murders. In December 1966 a custodian at the Riverside City College discovered a poem carved into the underside of a folding desk. The poem, titled  Sick of living/unwilling to die  had a tone similar to that of the Zodiac as well as handwriting which looked like some found in the Zodiacs letters. Some believe the author, who signed the poem with the initials rh was describing the murder of Bates. Other theorize that the letter was written by a student who had unsuccessfully tried to kill themselves. However, Sherwood Morrill, one of Californias top Questioned Documents examiners, was of the opinion that the true author of the poem was the Zodiac. Six months after the murder of Bates three nearly identical letters were received by the Riverside Press, the Riverside police  and  Cheri Jo Bates father. The letters all contained more postage than was necessary and two of the letters were signed with a symbol which looked like the letter Z next to the number three. The Zodiac letters sent in the 1970s all contained excessive postage, symbol-type signatures and the threat that more murders would follow. The two letters received by the newspaper and the police read: BATES HADTO DIETHERE WILLBE MORE Bates murder was never solved. The Riverside Police Department maintains that a local man was the key suspect, not the Zodiac, although the letters sent may have been written by him. March 17, 1971 A letter was sent to the Los Angeles Times because, as the writer put it,  they dont bury me on the back pages. In the letter, the Zodiac gave the police credit for making the Bates connection, but added that the police were still only finding the  easy ones  and that there were plenty more  out there.  The letter included the score,  SFPD-0 [Zodiac Symbol]-17. This was the only letter ever sent to the Los Angeles Times and the only one postmarked outside of San Francisco. March 22, 1971 Chronicle reporter Paul Avery received a postcard thought to be from the Zodiac in which he took credit for the case of a missing nurse, Donna Lass, from the Sahara Hotel and Casino. Lass was never seen again after treating her last patient at 1:40 a.m. on September 6, 1970. The following day her uniform and shoes, marked with dirt, were discovered in a paper bag in her office. Two calls were made, one to her employer and one to her landlord, by an unidentified caller who said Lass had a family emergency and had left town. The postcard that Avery received included a collage made up of lettering cut from newspapers and magazines and contained a picture of an ad of the condominium complex known as Forest Pines. The words,  Sierra Club, Sought Victim 12, peek through the pines, pass Lake Tahoe areas, round in the snow,  hinted at the location of where Lass body could be found. A search in the area turned up only a pair of sunglasses. Some believe the postcard was a forgery, perhaps the attempt of the real killer to make the authorities believe Lass was a Zodiac victim. However certain similarities such as the misspelling of Paul Averys name (Averly) and the use of a hole-punch had both become traits found in letters known to be from the Zodiac. Although it did not appear that  kidnapping  was a pattern of the Zodiac, but rather spontaneous random murders, if in fact, he was responsible for Johns abduction then possibly Donna Lass could also be a victim of the Zodiac. The  mystery  surrounding the case of Donna Lass was never solved, nor was her body ever located. The Pines postcard was the last communication received from the Zodiac for three years. In 1974 he resurfaced although this time he dropped his opening line,  This is the Zodiac speaking  and the cross-circle symbol signature from the letters. January 29, 1974 The Zodiac sent the Chronicle a letter describing the movie  The Exorcist  as  the best saterical comidy that I have ever seen.  It also included a part of a verse from The Mikado, a hieroglyph-type drawing and a threat that the letter had to be published or he would  do something nasty.  His signature score changed to read  Me-37 SFPD-0. May 8, 1974 The Chronicle received a letter from a concerned citizen complaining about the movie  Badlands  and asking the paper to stop advertising it. Although the Zodiac did not identify himself as the author of the letter, some felt the similarities of the tone and handwriting was unmistakably that of the Zodiac. July 8, 1974 A complaint letter regarding the conservative Chronicle columnist, Marco Spinelli who used the pen name, Count Marco was received at the newspaper and ended the letter with: Since the Count can write anonymously, so can I signed the Red Phantom (red with rage). Some believe the Zodiac sent the letter, others do not. Doubting that the letters were really authored by the Zodiac, police detective David Toschi sent them to the FBI Laboratory who responded that the letters were probably prepared by the writer of the Zodiac letters. No other communication was received from the Zodiac for another four years. April 24, 1978 A letter was sent to the Chronicle and given to reporter Duffy Jennings, Paul Averys replacement after he went to work at the San Francisco Examiner. Duffy contacted Detective David Toschi, who had worked on the Zodiac case since the Stine murder and was the only remaining San Francisco Police Department (SFDP) investigator working the case. Toschi turned the letters over to John Shimoda of the U.S. Postal Service crime laboratory to verify if the letters were authored by the Zodiac instead of giving them to the chief examiner for the Questioned Documents Division of the SFPD. Why he made that decision is unknown, however, Shimoda did verify that the letter was authored by the Zodiac. Four experts three months later declared the letter a hoax. At that time Toschi was in the middle of a political battle and looking at possibly replacing the current chief of police. For all of those who adored Toschi, many just wanted him to go away. When it became known that the letters were a hoax, many pointed the finger at Toschi, believing he had forged the letter. The suspicions about Toschi  forging  the Zodiac letter was based on an earlier incident involving columnist Armistead Maupin, who was writing a series for the Chronicle called,  Tales of the City.  He received a lot of fan mail for the series and in an effort to verify that the letters were legitimate he became suspicious that Toschi had written some of them under fake names. Maupin made the decision to do nothing about it at the time, but when the forged Zodiac letter surfaced, Maupin thought it was possible Toschi was responsible and reported the fake fan letters and his suspicions to Toschis superiors. Toschi eventually admitted to writing the fan letters, but always denied the implications that he forged the Zodiac letter and insisted the rumors were politically motivated. The Toschi incident is just one example of the many bizarre twists the Zodiac investigation has taken over the years. More than 2,500 suspects have been investigated without anyone ever being charged. Detectives continue to receive telephone calls weekly with tips, theories​,  and speculation. The  case  remains open in some jurisdictions, but the San Francisco Police Department has designated it  unsolved  and inactive.

Morning after Pills (first draft) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Morning after Pills (first draft) - Assignment Example However, it also reduces the incidence of unwanted pregnancy, particularly where none of the parents are ready for a child (Prescott, 2011). The arguments in support and against the legalization of access to morning after pills without prescriptions have been a thorny issue across the world for decades. However, the use of morning after pills, even after legalization of non-prescriptive pills, has been hampered by poor education in its use and ethical issues facing pharmacies with regards to selling to underage girls. While most people have heard about the pill, they do not have all the information about the extent of its purpose. In a survey of 88 patients in a reproductive clinic, in London constructed to observe their knowledge on the morning-after pill, 65% of the women had heard about it, although only 19% were aware of its seventy two-hour limit (Haussman, 2013). While the morning-after pill has the ability to prevent a woman from pregnancy, it will only be efficient is taken after 72 hours orally following contraceptive failure or unprotected sex. In addition, it only works when the woman is not already pregnant. The pill is not an abortion pill and offers no protection against sexually transmitted infections like HIV. It is also not meant for use as a regular method of birth control and should be used for a maximum of four times a month. If a woman is seventeen years or older, she can receive the pill at a local pharmacy if they can present proof age through relevant documents. The pill c ontains elevated levels of levonorgestrel, which is an analog of progesterone that is found in majority of pills for birth control (Haussman, 2013). After a woman takes the pill, various side effects like period changes, pain in the lower abdomen, nausea, dizziness, headaches and tenderness of the breasts are to be expected. Where it is taken within 72 hours, there is a 95% reduction in probability of pregnancy. Although it was