Alcohol Addicted Employees Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alcohol Addicted Employees - Research Paper Example Employers need to take actions to deter alcohol consumption by employees ethically. Businesses should punish alcohol addict employees and treat them to the best of their capacity. Should the businesses punish alcohol addict employees and treating them? Alcohol is a very big problem of society in many countries across the world. While it is considered as one of the essentials for celebration, excessive consumption of alcohol leads to alcohol addiction. Alcohol addiction makes an individual unsuitable for work. Alcohol addicts experience mood swings and lose control of their mind. Overcome with the effects of alcohol, they say things to others that they do not really mean. They become violent in arguments and have a tendency to abuse people around them both verbally and physically. Owing to its negative sociological, psychological, and physical consequences as well as being a potential threat for businesses, alcohol addiction cannot be tolerated in the workplace, so employers should ta ke all possible measures to deter alcohol consumption among the employees. Businesses should punish alcohol addict employees because alcohol is not appropriate for the regulation of anger. Alcohol addicts lose their minds if they happen to indulge in an argument. While they deal with things on a personal level, unnecessary and out of place argument with a client or a customer is detrimental to the interests of the organization. Businesses should punish alcohol addicts because alcoholism makes an individual untrustworthy. Alcohol addicts follow the drive and mood created after consuming alcohol. For many alcohol addicts, dealing with alcohol and its consequences is a life-long process. Many alcohol addicts cannot help themselves and consume it knowing how bad it is for them at a range of levels. Alcohol addicts cannot be trusted. They can storm out of the office to get alcohol any time without caring about work. Alcohol happens to be the most beloved thing and the top-most priority i n the life of alcohol addicts. Work comes secondary which can be risky for the organization as a whole. Alcohol addicts can leave the whole team in the middle of a problem and back out from playing their role as expected by the rest of the team members. Owing to the display of such behavior, alcohol addicts are not trustworthy or reliable. Businesses should punish alcohol addict employees because this habit of these employees can incur the employers' cost. Depending upon which area the business is located in, employers are responsible for the wellbeing of their employees. Employers are required by the government to pay taxes and insurance premiums for their employees in certain areas. Alcohol addict employees have a tendency to incur the employers unnecessary and avoidable cost. Health insurance premiums for such employees are higher. They are likely to take more days off from work thus compromising upon work and productivity and incurring the employer its cost. Similarly, there are a number of other ways in which alcohol addict employees charge their employers with cost and inconvenience. Punishing alcohol addict employees is part of the way how business entrepreneurs and employers should deal with such employees; treating the alcohol addict employees is the other part. Alcoholism is treatable.  

The United States Congress Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The United States Congress - Research Proposal Example The credentials of Donald A. Ritchie were the yardstick that led to the selection of this source. He is the Historian of the United States Senate, he edited the closed hearing transcripts of Senator Joseph R. McCarthys investigations, and his book, Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents won him the Organization of American Historians Richard W. Leopold Prize. A. Introduction: Overview of United States Congress. This will include a brief history of Congress, the position of Congress in United States’ political life and the research questions: â€Å"how does the Congress affect the United States economy?† and why does the Congress evolve from a unicameral legislative body to a bicameral legislative one comprising the Senate and House of Representatives?† will first be presented in the introduction. B. History and evolution of the United State Congress. A detail history of the United State Congress, which will include the different eras the Congress has passed through, is presented. The structure of Congress will also be examined. In the part, the research question: â€Å"why does the Congress evolve from a unicameral legislative body to a bicameral legislative one comprising the Senate and House of Representatives?† will be answered. Questions such as, â€Å"who are the Founding Fathers of Congress?†, â€Å"what was their mission?†, and â€Å"where was the Congress formed?† will be answered. C. Powers of the United States Congress. A detailed discussion of Congressional power will be presented. The role the Congress has play since its formation and down through the history of the United States will be investigated and revealed. The concepts of checks and balances will be discussed in this part. Research questions such as how does â€Å"the Congress affect the United States economy?†, â€Å"how does the Congress play into the President’s role?†, and â€Å"how does the Congress handle political issues with other

Reflective Essay of the Family

Reflective Essay of the Family Write a short autobiographical piece relating to the theories and concepts discussed in the first half of the course. How might parts of your own or your familys life observe, illuminate or be illuminated by the theories and concepts discussed in weeks 1-5 of the course? I was born in Italy and resided there till the age of twenty-eight. I lived in a regional town of around forty-thousand inhabitants with limited cultural opportunities. I studied for a baccalaureate in business and entered the working environment as a news cameraman. In Italy, this would be the equivalent of a blue-collar worker. After having been working for ten years I moved to London and commenced employment as a sales and account manager in I.T. This job required intellectual application to office administration and high degrees of interpersonal relations, combined with knowledge of the product and its application within the marketplace. My increased earnings allowed me to purchase a home for the first time. Access to cultural opportunities in London has broadened my knowledge and understanding of the arts. London has allowed me to realise my potential to become a professional and commence this process by undertaking a history degree. My experience of London has been one of inqui ry and integration within a tolerant and multicultural environment. I will now seek to observe and to illuminate by application to my life some of the concepts and theories discussed in the first half of the course. Conventional wisdom has redefined the social structure of society by cataloguing the population into three classes: the rich, the middle class and the poor. This is very likely to represent the current classification in Italy. Therefore, the distribution of income is the main factor why classes still exist through the buying and selling of labour.[1] In Italy, I would have been classified as being a member of the poor class. Italy is characterised by a stark division between highly industrialised districts and underdeveloped areas of peasant farming. However, it is not always the case that farmers are positioned in a lower economic class than those of white-collar workers. For instance, and from my own experience, Italian farmers may be economically better-off than public servants because of the potential to sell their produce in their ow n shops and to secure a higher income. Accordingly, their economic capital is directly converted in the form of property rights and tangible assets such as houses and cars. [2] By relocating to London my observable classification within a conventional understanding of class remained unchanged because I could only sell my skills and labour. Now applying Bourdieus frameworks for class in Italy, I would have been considered as having a low economic capital. However, Bourdieus concept of cultural and social capitals applied to my employment as a news cameraman demonstrates an enrichment of both those capitals due to the enlargement of my social contacts. It could be claimed that I had found the perfect fit and I was floating like a fish in water: my habitus, made up of layering built up by experiences grounded in my body and mind, had met a social world of which it is the product,[3] therefore, I was experiencing the world pleasantly and I was in my comfort zone. Being a newcomer in London brought about the experience of a downward shift on all my capitals. Work, education and social networks had to be rebuilt. When someone steps out of the comfort zone it is likely to resemble a fish out of water, a suffused sense of inadequacy.[4] The new environment has offered me opportunities to improve my education and expand my social contacts. Bourdieu suggests that it is under conditions of hysteresis[5] when you are a fish out of water that great changes can occur. The hysteresis effect might provide an explanation of how I can make sense of my new environment based on my habitus, and on my capacity to decode parallels between the previous context and the new one. The seven classes of the Great British Class Survey of 2013 are built upon the development of certain sectors of economic activity, such as the technical middle class and the new affluent workers.[6] In Italy I would have been included in the traditional working class. Using the Survey Calculator twice and ending up in two different classes, it was evident that I provided the same social and cultural capitals and only modified my income. Firstly, when I used to work as an account manager, I was assigned to the group of Established middle class, secondly, now that I am a student, I fall within the Traditional working class. Mike Savage, one of the promoters and researchers of the survey, in his BBC Radio 4 interview, has stated that the study has moved away from the occupational classes.[7] This would not be the case, in fact as the results of my two surveys demonstrate, it does not take into consideration cultural and social capitals. I also agree with Colin Mills, lecturer in sociol ogy at Nuffield College Oxford, that the nature of the BBC sample is somewhat flawed: the 160.000 respondents of the online survey are most likely to be more educated and in highly paid jobs, whereas the respondents of the face-to-face research of 1000 people are more varied and allowed to build more classes[8]. It can be claimed that the findings of the BBC survey come from the information provided by the smaller research, hence the internet survey plays almost no role in defining these categories and the class I fall in. It can be clearly observed that, by applying class theories to my own life, only one class theory demonstrates any depth of analysis with regards to social and cultural aspects, namely the one developed by Bourdieu. By moving from Italy to London, my class has shifted upwards in all my three capitals. References [1] https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm#007 [accessed on 20th January 2017] [2] Pierre, Bourdieu, The Forms of Capital, in John Richardson (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, (New York, 1986),p.243 [3] Pierre, Bourdieu and LoiÃÅ'ˆc J. D., Wacquant, An invitation to reflexive sociology, (Cambridge, 1992),p.127 [4] Diane, Reay, Gill, Crozier and John, Clayton, (2010) Fitting in or standing out: working-class students in UK higher education, British Educational Research Journal 32(1),p.11 [5] Pierre, Bourdieu, Outline of a theory of practice, trans. Richard Nice, (Cambridge, 1977),p.78 [6] Mike, Savage et al., A new model of social class? Findings from the BBCs Great British Class Survey experiment, Sociology 47(2), p. 230 [7] http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07gg1kb [8] Ibid.

Central American Squirrel Monkey :: essays research papers

Scientific Name: Samiri oerstedii The Central American Squirrel Monkey is found primarily in primary and secondary forests and cultivated areas in. They are omnivores, which eat insects and when available they also eat fruit, flowers, and occasionally vertebrates. The major population in located in Panama and Costa Rican border. They hardly ever travel on the ground and are most active during the morning and late afternoon. Cultivated and disturbed areas are especially hospitable to the Squirrel Monkeys because of the large number of insects those areas attract. These monkeys live in groups made up of about 40 to 70 individuals. Large group size provides many eyes to search for food. Squirrel monkeys also associate with other monkey species that have similar food preferences, following them to forage areas. The group size also provides safety in numbers: more eyes/ears lower chances of a sneak attack by predators; large numbers make it more difficult for larger monkeys smaller to chase squirrel monkeys out of a â€Å"their† trees. Neither one sex nor the other appears to be dominating, though the females are ones to disperse from the troops. The sex ratio within wild groups tends to be approximately 50-50 males and females. Though they become independent after the first year of their life, female squirrel monkeys tend to reach maturity and begin breeding at around the age of 2.5-3 years of age, and males become fully adult at about the age of five. For the most part the majority of social interactions between the sexes take place during the breeding season. During the non-breeding males tend to stay live on the perimeter of the troop’s territory, while females stay safer in the center. Large group size provides safety in numbers: more eyes/ears lower chances of a sneak attack by predators; large numbers make it more difficult for larger monkeys (that live in smaller groups) to chase squirrel monkeys out of a favored tree. Females receive no help from adult males in caring for their young. Instead, a female will have other female "friends" to help carry and watch over the young as the mother forages. These "friends" are usually offspring from previous years, which do not have young of their own. Since the monkey uses all four of its legs when walking and climbing, the new born babies ride on the mother’s back by gripping her fur, when the mother stop, she will hold her baby with both arms.

“Because I Could Not Stop for Death”: An Analysis of Emily Dickinson’s Style

Emily Dickinson was an exceedingly eccentric poet of the Romanticism movement, whose fascination with death and the afterlife is embodied in her poem â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death. † The piece opens from the viewpoint of a female speaker, who is called upon by the personified character of Death to take the journey to the afterlife. It is evident that the poet’s troubled life and disillusionment with society spurred many deep and insightful works about her perspective on her own existence. Dickinson effectively uses the tools of personification and imagery to portray a soul’s odyssey through death. Using subtle symbolism and by personifying Death as a suitor in her poem â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death,† Dickinson paints an image of her concept of the final departure based on her own personal experiences. Emily Dickinson was born to a middle-class family on December 10, 1830 in Amherst, Massachusetts. Her father was a Yale-graduate, chief financial officer, lawyer, congressman, and an intellectual; he was not very involved in Dickinson’s life, albeit serving as her inspiration (Spiller 810). On the other hand, she did not get along with her mother: â€Å"Emily Norcross was not an intellectual by nature- she barely understood much of her daughter’s poetry†¦ the mother was lonely and nonliterary,† (Forman n. p. ). Forman also states that Dickinson was frustrated that her educational horizons were limited as a woman, although she attended the esteemed Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (Emily n. p. ). Furthermore, her education was terminated due to her lifelong health complications resulting from polio. Her family consistently failed to support her, and she felt fettered by the life she was living. Around the age of 28, Dickinson suffered from an emotional crisis which caused her to write prolifically; she drew into herself and her profound mind, preferring to express herself mainly through letters and poems (Blake n. p. ). Throughout the course of her life, Dickinson exhibited many strange tendencies. She always dressed in white and remained a recluse. She refused to leave her home for any reason (Forman n. p. ). This was the direct result of her experiencing the death of two childhood friends, as well her chronic health issues; Dickinson often felt disconnected to the world around her. She was inspired by a world manifesting itself as unpredictable, violent, and terrifying. She had suspected that the world was defective for some time† (Blake 218). Her perspective on her life, as well as her disillusionment from her surroundings, became reflected in her poems. â€Å"[Her] work†¦should be seen in terms of traditions of withdrawal from the world and of her resistance to them†(Wolosky n. p. ). Most notably during this phase in her life, however, Dickinson developed an occupation with the concept of death and the possibility of an afterlife. Many of her poems have come to embody her personal contemplations about mortality and death, particularly â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death,† (Explanation n. p. ). Primarily in this work, Dickinson effectively uses the character of Death to convey the message that death is not a cruel, cold process. â€Å"Death is personified, or described in terms of human characteristics†¦. Figuratively, this poem is about one woman’s ‘date’ with death. Death is a gentleman,†¦ who makes a call at a home of a naive young woman. †(Explanation n. p. ). By representing mortality as a kind, courteous suitor whom the narrator seems to have been anticipating, the notion arises that Death is nothing but an old friend who was always expected to come. It becomes an inevitability; it is not unpleasant in the least. Dickinson envisions Death as a person she knows and trusts: The carriage holds but the two of them, yet the ride, as she states with quiet emphasis, is a last ride together. Clearly there has been no deception on his part. †¦ Indeed, his graciousness in taking time to stop for her at hat point and on that day in her life when she was so busy she could not possibly have taken time to stop for him, is a mark of special politeness. She is therefore quite willing to put aside her work (Johnson 222). The narrator welcomes Death, and although he was an unexpected caller, knows that he was bound to come. Thus, she â€Å"had put away/ [Her] labor, and [her] leisure too,/ For his civility† (Dickinson 1). Dickinson also effica ciously uses symbolism in this poem to bring out various feelings and emotions in the reader, strengthening the overall mood, and therefore the meaning of the poem. By her use of specific syntax and diction, the poem is able to showcase the exact feelings evoked by death and immortality, as well as the feelings associated with the unconventional exposure to Death himself. In the poem â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death†, the narrator’s journey was described as a slow scenic drive, across the fields of grain and past the setting sun (explanation, n. p. ). The fields of grain represents society and how while alive, the fields of grain escaped the notice of the narrator, but now, while traveling with Death, she finally can appreciate the true beauty and power of nature. The setting sun reflects the end of one journey and the beginning of another, just like how the setting sun ends the day and signals the start of nighttime (explanation, n. p. ). Dickinson uses the transition of the setting sun to show the narrator’s transition from life to death. Dickinson was able to portray, through her extensive use of imagery, the ambiguity as to whether the narrator is alive or dead; the fact is not directly stated in the poem. Rather, there is a slow transition of the narrator’s state of being. The narrator starts off leaving the comfort of her house, invited for what feels like a ride in the park. However, as the poem progresses, the narrator is seen growing cold, and her clothes fade â€Å"only tippet only tulle†. The light gossamer articles of clothing and the coldness suggest that the narrator has indeed died, and faded into the afterlife. The whole concept of time is also manipulated to give the poem such a dream-like feel. During her journey with Death, time slows down to a point where it doesn’t exist; time is a human creation, and death does not follow time (Priddy, n. p. As she passes the children frolicking in the playground, she vicariously lives through her childhood again; another lifetime has passed, from the youthful days of childhood to the ripening of the grain to the setting of the sun (Johnson, n. p. ). The- sense of time being inconsistent and changing allows the journey with Death to gain a truly surreal and abstract feeling. From start to finish, Dickinson masterfully creates a striking image of the human process of death, putting to full use the tools of personification and imagery, as well as subtle symbolism in her poem â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death. Her own personal struggles with the concept of death give Dickinson the ability to capture the mystery and possibilities of the final departure with words; she was able to translate the true emotions associated with death into poetry. To Dickinson, the existence of an afterlife made death not only the end of one journey, but also the start of another; death is not an evil, but rather a necessary process. The net effect of literary devices combined with Romanticist beliefs results in a work that provides monumental insight into the world Emily Dickinson built around herself, specifically pertaining to her image of Death .

International Marketing Essay

1. What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to global marketing? Marketing activities represent an organization’s efforts to satisfy customer wants and needs by offering products and services that create value. These goals are relevant in virtually every part of the world; however, when an organization pursues market opportunities outside of its home country (domestic) market, managers need an understanding of additional conceptual tools and guidelines. 2. Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased global integration and the growing importance of global marketing. The dynamic involving driving and restraining forces is shown diagrammatically in Figure 1-2. Driving forces include regional economic agreements such as NAFTA, converging market needs and wants, technology advances such as the Internet and global TV networks, transportation improvements, the need to recoup high product development costs in global markets, the need to improve quality through R&D investment, world economic trends such as privatization and finally, opportunities to use leverage, corporate culture, and the continuing presence of national controls that create trade barriers. 3. Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric management orientations. The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an international company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market. The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to a view of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.

Correlation between Poverty and Obesity

Correlation between Poverty and Obesity Introduction Over the last few years, there has been a concern about the rising cases of obesity in the United Kingdom (UK). It is worrying that obesity may soon become an epidemic in the country. In the UK and other Western nations, the poor are now, for the first time in history, proportionately the most obese in the population groups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Correlation between Poverty and Obesity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is the need to address this concern because as opposed to the usual perception that obesity varies by gender, age, and income among other factors, economic deprivation is now believed to be causing the disease. The changing lifestyles that link obesity to income seem to be on the rise. The present discussion is complicated because of the fact that there are other several factors that might cause obesity, which is unrelated to poverty levels. However, latest research on the i ntricate links between obesity and poverty in the United States (US) shows uniformity for women and children from low socio-economic status (SES). This paper discusses the correlation between obesity and poverty in the UK but also refers to situation in the US. Although the title suggests a link between poverty and obesity, it has not been proved and this essay is an attempt to examine many factors that contribute to impacts of poverty. The present research seeks to achieve this through assessing the suggestion that today in the Western nations; the poor are now, for the first time in history, proportionately the most obese in the population groups. The paper will also attempt to establish whether there is a correlation between obesity and poverty as well as provide a summary of the crucial issues identified in the discussion. Obesity in the UK It is notable that the proportion of the UK population with obesity has escalated significantly between 1993 and 2009. The increase has been 13 percent for males in 1993 to 22 percent in 2009. Conversely, the population proportion for females has escalated from 16 percent in 1993 to 24 percent in 2009 (The Poverty Site, 2011). Furthermore, 22 percent of the working population presently has obesity. This percentage is significantly higher when compared with the case in 1993 when only 14 percent of the working population lived with obesity (The Poverty Site 2011). It is also notable that both men and women have similar chances of developing obesity.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to point out that there is no apparent correlation between obesity and income. This is because the population groups with the lowest incidences of obesity include poor males and rich females. Furthermore, there is no clear correlation between fatness and social class (The Poverty Site, 2011). There is a general feel ing among experts that the obesity problem in the country is not worse and the trend may be flattening out. Obesity in the US The obesity problem in the US is significantly different from the situation in the UK. America apparently has the highest obesity rates. This is because one – third proportion of the population has obesity. In addition, another one – third of the population is overweight (Levine, 2011). As opposed to the situation in the UK, obesity problem in the US is likely to worsen. Child obesity is also a major predicament in the US There are some environmental influences, which influence obesity. Is There Any Correlation Between Poverty and Obesity? There is a consensus that varying household’s socio-economic level influences differing obesity incident levels. This is because the socio-economic levels that determine food security, defined by Zizza, Duffy and Gerrior (2008) as â€Å"limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and sa fe food or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways† is fluctuating significantly. Notably, obesity incidences among women escalate with increasing levels of poverty (Levine, 2011). However, the level of poverty among men causes diverse obesity incidences, which form according to the varying occupations held. It is apparent that high poverty levels among women escalate their chances of developing obesity (Levine, 2011). There is a considerable correlation between food deficiency and obesity for males and females in Britain. The correlation is observable when the prevalence levels for obesity are studied across economically deprived populations. It is notable that fatness prevalence levels escalate or stagnates at similar rates when compared against deprivation (Levine, 2011). In England, 30 percent of females and 25 percent of males described as the most economically poor in the society are obese. The figures changes to 19 percent fo r females and 22 percent for males among wealthy people. Notably, the changes in the figures do not show large differences pertaining to the strength of the correlation between obesity and economic deprivation (Department of Health, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Correlation between Poverty and Obesity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arguing that economic deprivation causes obesity becomes more confusing when studying the same across the population of children. The boys who have the lowest chances of developing obesity are slightly the poor ones (Department of Health, 2011). The trend changes slightly among girls because those who develop obesity are within the median income levels (Levine, 2011). Generally, children from economically deprived households frequently experience challenges with nutrition. This has undesirable influence on the youngsters’ mental health and well-being, which in the long-t erm may become a contributing factor to obesity. Lobstein, Baur and Uauy (2004), also support this concern by arguing that in the industrialized nations such as the UK and the US youngsters in economically deprived groups are at utmost danger of developing obesity. It is notable that introducing overweight into the analysis process complicates the understanding on the relationship. In Britain, people have continued adding weight while their food purchase rates have been declining over the decades. Therefore, it can be said that the changing lifestyle and eating behaviors may be causing obesity. This also has a link with the peoples’ engagement with physical activities (Franklin, Jones, Love et al., 2012). It indicates that people are engaging in less physical activity sessions because of the changes brought about by globalization and technological advancement. These developments make people to enjoy sedentary life in the high and low-income households (Lobstein, Baur and Uauy , 2004). There are studies linking sedentary lifestyles such as working with the technological materials, including playing video games and watching television for several hours to obesity. Therefore, while discussing the correlation between economic deprivation and obesity there is the need to study the sedentary lifestyles adopted by people in high and low-income areas (Zizza, Duffy and Gerrior, 2008). The nutritional value of the food that people consume has a significant impact on obesity development. This is particularly in reference to the amount of fat and its nutritional value in the food consumed. The income earned by households influences their food intake. It is noteworthy that the differences in food consumption reveal no major gaps under varying income groups (Franklin et al., 2012). For example, looking at two different scenarios involving an individual from the least economically sustainable household and another one from the richest household, their calories consumpt ion does not show major differences Franklin et al., 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the people who are not very poor and not very rich may consume more calories than the poorest mad richest individuals may. This indicates that there is a weak correlation between economic deprivation and obesity (Lobstein, Baur and Uauy, 2004). Furthermore, this brings up additional concerns such as changing lifestyles that makes people to avoid engaging in physical activities. The claim for the changing lifestyle is strengthened by the notion that readily processed high-calorie foodstuffs are cheaper for the low-income earners (Levine, 2011). It is notable that even supermarkets located in the neighborhoods of economically deprived individuals normally stock more unhealthy foods. Therefore, the economically deprived households will prefer the cheaper and unhealthy foods, which are high in calorie, thereby increasing their chances for developing obesity (Lobstein, Baur and Uauy, 2004). In the US, the issues may be similar as pointed out by Levine (2011). A study conducted b y Levine (2011) to establish the link between â€Å"poverty and obesity in the US† generated helpful findings. The study raised the issue that Americans living in the poorest neighborhoods were more likely to develop obesity (Kaiser, Smith and Allison, 2012). The study indicates that people living in low-income areas are underprivileged in terms of access to food. Furthermore, the economically deprived individuals lack access to clean and fresh foodstuff. They also have challenges of accessing sufficient food (Cassell Gleaves, 2006). The relationship with the obesity emerges from the fact that the economically deprived household’s lives in hunger and cannon easily access reasonably cheaper and healthier foodstuff (Kaiser, Smith and Allison, 2012). In this case, hunger together with poor accessibility to healthy food, cannot be the only factors that affect obesity. The study concluded that much as economic deprivation is thought to have links with obesity, it is import ant to study the level of sedentariness of the poor people (Lobstein, Baur and Uauy, 2004). This is because the study also noted that the most economically deprived individuals also had the highest levels of sedentariness. The economically deprived in the population may have sedentary lifestyles because of different reasons. The poor people living in low-income neighborhoods may fear to engage in physical activities outdoors because of the high crime rates (Kaiser, Smith and Allison, 2012). In addition, the economically deprived people may not have access to parks and sports venues (Kaiser, Smith and Allison, 2012). This is because the relevant institutions sometimes fail to provide the facilities in such areas. The notion that engaging in physical activities requires certain sportswear may also hinder the economically deprived people from taking part in the physical activities since they cannot afford the appropriate sportswear (Levine, 2011). A study by Drewnowski (2009), affirmed that obesity and economic deprivation are linked. The author argued that incidences of obesity followed economic status gradient. He noted that the highest rates of obesity were observable among the poor in the US. He also pointed out the fact that the UK Department of Health (2011) reported that in the low economic status populations, more women than men developed obesity. The author also indicates that environmentally low-income neighborhoods had the highest incidences of obesity (Drewnowski, 2009). The author concludes that obesity and food uncertainty showed a relationship. With the ongoing discussions, what remains unfamiliar is whether reversing economic deprivation situation among the poor populations would also overturn sedentary lifestyles. However, unclear the relationship between economic deprivation and obesity remain it would be too expensive to disregard the possible links (Levine, 2011). This paper reflects on the statement that in the Western nations the poor are no w, for the first time in history, proportionately the most obese in the population groups and affirms that it is considerably true (Drewnowski, 2009). Conclusion In summary, this paper has established that there is a considerable correlation between economic deprivation and obesity in both the UK and the US. The paper has also established that two aspects of economic deprivation among the poor people lead to obesity. The individual household low economic status and environmentally the poor neighborhoods have links with obesity. The economically deprived households and individuals lack access to nutritionally adequate and healthy foodstuffs. Therefore, they rely on cheaper, readily packed foods, which are high in calorie. The paper also identified that both the UK and the US have different levels of obesity. Whereas obesity problems are beginning in the UK, one-third of the American population already suffers obesity while another one third is overweight. This paper has also made con siderable discussion regarding the role of sedentary lifestyle among the rich and the economically deprived. Throughout the discussions, it emerged, that poverty alone may not cause obesity among the economically deprived populations. The paper concludes by affirming that there is a considerable correlation between obesity and economic deprivation. List of References Cassell, D. K., Gleaves, D. H. 2006, The encyclopedia of obesity and eating disorders, Facts on File, New York. Department of Health 2011, Equality Analysis: A call to action on obesity in England. Web. Drewnowski, A. 2009, â€Å"Obesity, diets, and social inequalities†, Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 67, pp. 36–39, Willey Online Library, doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00157.x. Franklin, B., Jones, A., Love, D., Puckett, S., Macklin, J., and White – Means, S. 2012, â€Å"Exploring Mediators of Food Insecurity and Obesity: A Review of Recent Literature†, Journal of Community Health, Vol. 37, No. 1, p p. 253 – 264, National Institute of Health, doi: 10.1007/s10900-011-9420-4. Kaiser, K. A., Smith, D. L., and Allison, D. B. 2012, â€Å"Conjectures on some curious connections among social status, calorie restriction, hunger, fatness, and longevity†, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1264, pp. 1–12, Willey Online Library, doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06672.x. Levine, J. 2011, â€Å"Poverty and Obesity in the US†, Diabetes, Vol. 60, No. 11, pp. 2667-2668, doi: 10.2337/db11-1118. Lobstein, T., Baur, L., and Uauy, R 2004, â€Å"Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health†, Obesity Reviews, Vol. 5, pp. 4–85, Willey Online Library, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2004.00133.x. The Poverty Site 2011, Obesity. Web. Zizza, C. A., Duffy, P. A., and Gerrior, S. A 2008,† Food Insecurity Is not Associated With Lower Energy Intakes† Obesity, Vol. 16, pp. 1908–1913, Willey Online Library, doi: 10.1038/oby.20 08.288.

Placement of Spanish Adverbs

Placement of Spanish Adverbs As a general rule, Spanish adverbs  and adverbial phrases  are placed near the word they modify, generally right before or after. English is more flexible in this regard- it is common in English to see an adverb placed further away from the word it modifies, often tacked on the end. Examples of Adverbial Placement Note, for example, the differences in these two equivalent sentences: Aprobà ³ facilmente el examen de geometrà ­a euclidiana.She passed the Euclidian geometry test easily. In Spanish the adverb, facilmente, comes immediately after the verb, aprobà ³. In English, however, easily comes at the end of the sentence, with four words coming between it and the verb. Although it would be possible to place easily immediately before passed, it also would be acceptable to place an additional description after test and still keep easily at the end. In Spanish, it is possible to place the adverb after the object of a verb, but only if the object is made up of just a word or two. For example, either of these sentences would be an acceptable translation for The county issued two licenses previously: El condado emitià ³ dos licencias previamente.El condado emitià ³ previamente dos licencias. Emitià ³ here is the verb in the sentence, and previamente is the adverb. Previamente couldnt be placed at the end if licensias were followed by a description. For example, if the sentence were talking about business licenses, licencias de empresa, previamente would have to be placed next to emitià ³: El condado emitià ³ previamente dos licensias de empresa. If many words had followed the verb, the adverb would not be able to used at the end. An example using a variation on the last sentence would be: El condado emitià ³ previamente dos licencias de matrimonio para parejas jovenes.  The adverb previamente has to go close to the verb emitià ³. Otherwise, native speakers would not immediately connect the meaning of the adverb with the verb. Before or After the Word Being Modified? Depending on how the adverb is used, it can be placed before or after the word being modified. For example, is the adverb modifying a verb, another adverb, or an adjective? The type of word being modified usually determines where the adverb is placed in the sentence. Usually, an adverb that modifies a verb is placed after the verb. For example, The economy is based principally on three businesses, is translated as,  La economà ­a se basa principalmente en tres empresas.  Basa is the verb and principalmente is the adverb. Adverbs of Negation Exceptions to this rule are adverbs of negation such as no  or nunca, meaning no or never. Negating adverbs always precede the verb. For example, No quiero ir al cine, means,  I dont want to go to the movies. The adverb, no, comes before the verb, quiero.  Another example,  Marà ­a nunca habla de su vida personal, means, Marà ­a never talks about her personal life. The placement of the adverb is exactly the same as in English. The adverb, never or nunca, goes immediately before the verb, talks or habla. Modifying Another Adverb An adverb that modifies another adverb comes before the adverb being modified. For  example,  Pueden moverse tan rpidamente como la luz, means,They can move as quick as light. The literal translation of the sentence is, They can move really fast like the light. Tan, meaning really, is modifying  rpidamente, meaning,fast. Adverbs Modifying Adjectives An adverb that modifies an adjective comes before the adjective. Estoy muy contento, means, I am very happy.  Muy is an adverb that means, very, and contento is the adjective, meaning happy.   Adverbs Modifying an Entire Sentence An adverb that modifies an entire sentence often comes at the beginning of the sentence, but there is some flexibility, and it can be  placed in different spots in the sentence. For example, take a look at the sentence, Possibly, Sharon will postpone her trip. There are three possible placements of the adverb, posiblemente, and they are all correct: Before the verb:  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Sharon  posiblemente  retrasar su viaje.After the verb:  Sharon retrasar  posiblemente  su  viaje.At the beginning of the sentence:  Posiblemente, Sharon retrasar su viaje.   Key Takeaways Spanish adverbs are placed close, and usually next to, the words they modify.Descriptive Spanish adverbs usually come after the verbs they modify but before adjectives they modify.When an adverb modifies the meaning of the entire sentence, its placement is flexible.

The Osprey

The Osprey Most of you know that I live on the banks of a huge lake. With about four hundred feet of frontage on a cove, I am lucky to experience all sorts of wildlife. In the morning, birds sing, dance, dip and dive, happy at being awake. Ducks, coots, and geese paddle in the water then wander up to my bird feeder, scavenging for kicked-out seed. In the evening, deer peer out of the woods, nibbling corn my husband tosses out. He laughs about putting their carcasses in our freezer for dinner, but I know he enjoys watching them come and go, feeling safe. Today, however, I watched an osprey land on a branch thirty feet off the ground, right outside my study window. Ospreys love Lake Murray for its ample bass population,and the residents love watching these gorgeous birds of prey fly, dive and strategically snare a fish from the water. This one sat for a long time, allowing me to pull out my binoculars. White head and chest. Yellow eyes, curved beak, he watched the water like the hawk he was. The breeze ruffled across his back and rear feathers, and he adjusted his balance a couple of times. But he never took his eye off the water. Ducks swam off to the side. Turtles plopped off logs off to the side as if understanding this bird meant business. Finally he dove, smacking the water with talons, then flew away, his dinner unable to even flop it was so evenly gripped. Ive seen these birds come up empty. Ive seen them attempt three and four times before successfully snaring their food. They never get frustrated. They dont let other animals bother them. The wind can blow one way then another. Regardless, they focus on their mission, and dont leave until theyve won. Osprey are beautiful creatures, living life their way. They dont care who sees them miss. They dont stop until they succeed. And in between their fishing duties, they soar, watching, learning, and enjoying the journey. Try being an osprey.

Does war give the right to kill The study of the character of Elisha Essay

Does war give the right to kill The study of the character of Elisha in Dawn by Elie Wiesel - Essay Example Another friend, and fellow terrorist, Ilana approaches Gad to comfort him. She states, "Don't torture yourself, Gad. This is war" (151). In both f these instances we see the members f this terrorist cell justifying their actions, and their opponents for the matter, as being a mere act f war. Thus, this leads us to an undeniable question: are actions f violence, terrorism for that matter, justifiable in a state f war On the side f the terrorists, yes, using unfair and excessively violent tactics are quite acceptable. Acceptable to the point where basically anything goes, despite who is affected; be they military personnel or innocent civilians just trying to make their way in the world. Its war, pain and simple. However, on the opposite end f the spectrum, namely that f civilized nations, we find that there are certain rules to war, or a code f conduct if you will. Killing an unarmed man because you were given the orders to is not war, especially if the victim knows not why they are being executed. Weisel shows us a situation in Dawn where Elisha is a few seconds to snuffing the life out f John Dawson, the terrorist's captive. John Dawson says, "I'm smiling because all f a sudden it has occurred to me that I don't know why I am dying. Do you" (203). Clearly Elisha and John Dawson had no concrete idea as to why John Dawson was to be killed. So, how can this be justified as an act f war when both the killer and the victim do not know the motives for their dispute It simply can't. One can also find that this story presents the reader with a provocative warning. One can find find that this tale warns us against naive actions, and where these decisions can lead. In Dawn this concept is illustrated by Weisel when Elisha states, "I was the Executioner. And I was eighteen years old. Eighteen years, f study and rebellion, and they all added up to this" (139-140). We see here that Elisha clearly knew he was going to play the role f executioner, but one may feel that he was unprepared. One may say that Elisha knew that he was to be killing people, be they innocents or military personnel, at the time he accepted the offer which Gad presented him with. However, one may also find that this Execution he will have to commit came f great surprise. Despite his past experience on the field f battle, nothing could prepare himself for the coming event. Even aside from this fictional story, this situation is quite prominent even in reality. When one has to look into the eyes f another man and realize that they will have to kill that person, one will find it very hard to eventually squeeze the trigger and snuff the life essence from the other. Elisha states in a conversation with Ilana when she asks if he is afraid, " I'm afraid that he'll make me laugh. You see Ilana, he's quite capable f swelling up his head and letting it burst into a thousand pieces, just in order to make me laugh" (175). Elisha is clearly afraid f having to kill a man if he gets to know him. Its one thing to kill a person without ever knowing the person on a personal level. However, it's a totally different situation when faced with having to exterminate a person who you have gotten to know. So, in conclusion, this warning Wiesel presents us is very profound. He warns f the dangers f uninformed decisions. All in all, when reading Dawn Wiesel presents us

Development of Nationalism in East and Southeast Asia Essay

Development of Nationalism in East and Southeast Asia - Essay Example Nationalism is considered to be a process, which develops with respect to time; it does not emerge abruptly or unexpectedly. â€Å"It is not a phenomenon that appears suddenly. It is the result of a process by which a people become conscious of themselves as a separate national entity in the modern world, a process by which they become willing to transfer their primary loyalty from the village, or the region, or the monarch, to the nation-state† 1. It is this perspective, which can be found in East and Southeast Asia. In order to integrate nationalism, several steps and measures have been adopted by the government. These measures include the suppression of opposition, the selection of a mutual language and the concentrate on economic growth in order to sustain and maintain liberty. Nationalism and Communism in Southeast Asia is the product of colonisation. The vast majority of the East and Southeast Asian countries were â€Å"controlled either by the British, French, Dutch, A mericans or Portuguese, who sought to control unnatural boundaries and had no regard for the natives of those areas† 2. After the end of World War II, majority of the East and Southeast Asian countries declared independence from the Western imperialist. For instance, Indonesian nationalists fought with the Dutch in order to get their independence. Philippine got it independence from United States; Vietnam got its independence from France after the Indochina war. After the end of World War II, majority of the East and Southeast Asian.

Company Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company Analysis - Research Paper Example The company’s core and associated brands include Ford, Mercury, Land Rover, Lincoln, Aston Martin, Volvo and Mazda (Ford Motor Company, â€Å"About Ford Motor Company†). Vision and Mission Company’s mission statement is reminiscent of a reflection of its core principle, identity, and values. Ford Motor Company operates its business throughout the world and endows with ‘personal mobility’ for the communities. The company is committed to serve the people with enthusiasm. Mission statement of Ford Motors is as following: â€Å"We are a global family with a proud heritage passionately committed to providing personal mobility for people around the world† (Missionstatements, â€Å"Mission Statement†). Ford Motors offers values for all its stakeholders. Ford Motors focuses on ‘one team’ consisting of all stakeholders such as customers, employees, suppliers, dealers and investors among others. Vision statement shows the future pers pective of the company. The vision statement reads, â€Å"One Ford: One Team, One Plan and One Goal† (Ford Motor company, â€Å"One Ford Mission and Vision†). Strategic Objectives Organizations set up several strategies to operate business efficiently in international market. Ford Motor Company witnessed lots of strategic challenges during recession in the US. In the recent past, Ford Motors has redesigned a coherent business strategy. Ford emphasizes on ‘One Ford’ philosophy. Strategies implemented by Ford Motors Source: (Ford Motor Company, â€Å"Annual Report 2010†). Ford Motor Company focuses on meeting the customers’ requirements by providing them quality products. It enhances the efficiency of its plants and processes by adopting advanced technologies. Their strategies are chiefly based on ‘One Ford’ approach. Ford offers high-quality vehicles with global appeal such as ‘fuel-efficient cars’, competent utility vehicles, and ‘fun-to-drive’. They ensure continuous improvement driven by their strong product line. Ford Motors highlights on overall profitability. Ford Motors’ loyalties to excellent fuel economy, stunning style as well as customer-focused technology are demonstrated throughout its product line. Lincoln, one of the associated brands, is under focus to be established as a luxury brand to attain opportunities in the developing markets. Excellent quality, laser-sharp spotlight on client safety and fuel efficiency continue to make Ford Motors a market leader with the US consumers. Ford Motors looks forward to 70% of its development in the next few years to originate from its market segment of Asia Pacific and Africa. Ford Motors also expects to witness sustainable growth in emerging markets of India, Brazil and China (Ford Motor Company, â€Å"Annual Report 2010†). Financial Objectives The remarkable decline in automotive industry sales that came together with stiff credit markets along with the expenses associated with the changing business mode put major difficulty on automotive liquidity. Ford Motors witnessed record losses in 2008 during recession. They developed a feasible financial plan to sustain. The basic challenge of Ford Motors to be concentrated upon has been its failure to produce small vehicles in the US that can be put up for sale to generate more profit. Ford Motors informed net earnings of $6.6 billion in the year 2010, an increase of $3.8 billion from the year of 2009. Ford Motors’

Choose a topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Choose a topic - Research Paper Example It takes place on every Chaturmas, the twelfth day of the waning moon. During this day, all Jains congregate in temples for devotions. a) New Year Festive- in nations like Sri Lanka and Thailand, the New Year is usually celebrated for about three days from the first full moon in the month of April. In other Mahayana countries, this celebration is held the first full moon of January. b) Vesak- Vesak is held to commemorate the birth and death of Buddha, the enlightened one. It is, thus, the most important event for the Buddhists. The celebrations usually happen during the first full moon of May. Other Buddhism festivals that remember the life of Buddha are the Magha Puja and Asalha Puja Day. a) Oshogatsu- this is the celebration of the closure of the old year and opening of the New Year. During the closure of the year, the people party as they symbolically wash away the misfortunes of the past. They also express their wishful expectations of the New Year. These festivals usually give the members of these religions the opportunity to come together as one family and share their spiritual experiences. Most worshipers usually get spiritual nourishment from these festivals. In Hinduism for instance, the festivals help them divert their attention from the worldly things and concentrate on the spiritual matters. In Shinto, the visiting of the graves helps them make peace with their ancestors and gods. It is during such times that the members of these religions decide to give to the poor in the society and preach peace. As they give back to the community by helping the poor, they create a harmony between the community and religion. During these celebrations, the people usually feast with food and drinks and the outsiders are always invited to take part. Diwali is a good example. Therefore, such celebrations bring the people together and help create peace in a social set

Effect of Concentration on an Enzyme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effect of Concentration on an Enzyme - Essay Example Introduction Enzymes are substrate specific. They bind up with active sites on which they act upon. The by- product hydrogen peroxide is extremely toxic to living organisms cells. Aerobic respiration uses the oxygen produced from the reaction for oxidation of nutrients. Hydrogen peroxide is produced from the conversion of amino acids to lipids and from conversion of lipids to carbohydrates. Enzyme catalase is found in abundance in plants and in human beings. Without this enzyme most of the biochemical reactions in the cells will be extremely slow (Oslo, 2011). The major function of catalase in living organisms is to prevent accumulation of toxic substances such as hydrogen peroxide from accumulating in the body. According to Michaeli’s Constant principle (Catalase kinetics) the rate of a catalyzed increases first during the first stages of reaction then it slowly levels off regardless of how much the concentration has been used in that experiment. This further implies that an enzyme reaction is slow at low substrate concentration because after releasing products the molecules of the enzyme become free. At very high concentrations the reverse happens. In this experiment, filter paper is immersed into an enzyme and then placed into hydrogen peroxide. Oxygen is produced during this process and it is trapped and measured using the buoyancy disk. Time is measured from the time the buoyancy disk is from the bottom of the container until the time it will reach the surface of the solution. The reaction proceeds as follows; 2H2O2 catalase 2H2O + O2 This equation shows enzyme catalase converting hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen and water. Because enzymes are proteins, they can be denatured by high temperatures. They are also inactivated at low temperatures. Material and method used Potato, gram balance, blender, ice insulated ice bucket or water cooler, water bath at 10?, 30? and 40?, 500ml 1% H2O2, 1ml distilled water, 1ml adjustable pipettor, filter paper disks, forceps, 5 50ml beakers, 100ml graduated cylinder, thermometer and 1.5 ml plastic micro-centrifuge tubes. Procedure Six reaction tubes are prepared each containing distilled water and citrate buffer. H2O2 with higher concentration is used. The six tubes are then labeled according to their respective temperatures. The tubes are then placed in appropriate water bath and left for 10 minutes in order for them to reach equilibrium of their respective temperatures. The enzyme is then added and shaken well taking the reading at 0.00. The reading is maintained as a control reading for her remaining five experiments. Hydrogen peroxide is then added and the test tubes quickly returned to the water baths. The test tubes are allowed to stay in the water for as long as possible but taking the readings at every two minutes time interval and the data recorded. The spectrophotometer should be as close as possible to the water baths in order to end up accurate readings and the tubes should be wiped out with a tissue paper before they are placed in the spectrophotometer (T, 2006). Results and analysis 50g freshly peeled potato cubes are placed in 50ml cold distilled water. Crushed ice is then added to the mixture, which is then placed into a blender. The mixture is homogized for 30 seconds at a very high speed. The potato extract is then filtered into 100ml graduated cylinder. After this, cold distilled water is added into the mixture to fill it to the volume. The solution is then mixed properly. This solution acts as our

Centralized PC Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Centralized PC Security - Essay Example To protect data, security policies are required to be defined. Contingency planning is also an essential aspect which cannot be disregarded. As per Ramesh, V.C., and Xuan Li there are three dimensions of contingency planning â€Å"The first issue concerns the handling of multiple objectives; we discuss the benefits of using fuzzy logic for handling this issue.  The second issue is the consideration of the economic cost of post-contingency corrective actions as well as the utility of discrete control actions that complicate the modeling and solution of the contingency planning problem.  The last issue is the need for of advanced parallel computing techniques for addressing the real-time aspects of many contingency planning problems;† 2 Analysis of Problems ABC Corporation has twenty seven desktop workstations either connected with each other via a hub or a switch. The workstations are only workgroups as there is no domain and security policies applied in the organization ex cept some users have Internet access and only the manager has a separate email account. There is no email server available to provide separate email addresses to employees. The separate email addresses enables instant correspondence between the subordinates, hence making the communication better and cost effective. Currently the employees are using telephone for coordination which is not cost effective. Some workstations are used to store data. There is no access policy defined for the data stored in the workstations. The data is vulnerable as anyone can access it or delete it. The server is used only for providing internet access and data transfer within the network. There is no firewall installed in the network, either hardware or software which makes the data, hardware, software defenseless. There is no connectivity between the regional offices and head office. The manager access the financial information from the head office using the computer network. The 5 regional offices hav e five databases which they are maintaining individually. Immense amount of time is wasted when head office sends a CD named â€Å"House types data† to each regional office. The administrator copies the files available on the CD to the locally maintained database. The data is updated because the project managers have to access the plans and building specifications of the houses the company builds. The data contains all the detailed information of the house construction material which is required. There is no backup of devices, data, workstations and server. If any workstation containing database crashes, the data will be lost. 2.1 Security Vulnerabilities The impact of the security breach issues is unpredictable. It can be diverted and involves human suffering as well as revenue loss for the organizations. One of the security breach took place on 21 October 2010, as per â€Å"www.networksecurityedge.com† The Philadelphia Inquirer states â€Å"Keystone Mercy Health Pla n and AmeriHealth Mercy Health Plan have notified 280,000 Medicaid members that their information may be at risk after a portable computer drive containing the names, addresses, and health information was lost. The last four digits of 801 members' Social Security numbers were also stored on the hard drive†. This incident is related to theft of the hardware devices risking 280,000 Medicaid

Effect of Concentration on an Enzyme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effect of Concentration on an Enzyme - Essay Example Introduction Enzymes are substrate specific. They bind up with active sites on which they act upon. The by- product hydrogen peroxide is extremely toxic to living organisms cells. Aerobic respiration uses the oxygen produced from the reaction for oxidation of nutrients. Hydrogen peroxide is produced from the conversion of amino acids to lipids and from conversion of lipids to carbohydrates. Enzyme catalase is found in abundance in plants and in human beings. Without this enzyme most of the biochemical reactions in the cells will be extremely slow (Oslo, 2011). The major function of catalase in living organisms is to prevent accumulation of toxic substances such as hydrogen peroxide from accumulating in the body. According to Michaeli’s Constant principle (Catalase kinetics) the rate of a catalyzed increases first during the first stages of reaction then it slowly levels off regardless of how much the concentration has been used in that experiment. This further implies that an enzyme reaction is slow at low substrate concentration because after releasing products the molecules of the enzyme become free. At very high concentrations the reverse happens. In this experiment, filter paper is immersed into an enzyme and then placed into hydrogen peroxide. Oxygen is produced during this process and it is trapped and measured using the buoyancy disk. Time is measured from the time the buoyancy disk is from the bottom of the container until the time it will reach the surface of the solution. The reaction proceeds as follows; 2H2O2 catalase 2H2O + O2 This equation shows enzyme catalase converting hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen and water. Because enzymes are proteins, they can be denatured by high temperatures. They are also inactivated at low temperatures. Material and method used Potato, gram balance, blender, ice insulated ice bucket or water cooler, water bath at 10?, 30? and 40?, 500ml 1% H2O2, 1ml distilled water, 1ml adjustable pipettor, filter paper disks, forceps, 5 50ml beakers, 100ml graduated cylinder, thermometer and 1.5 ml plastic micro-centrifuge tubes. Procedure Six reaction tubes are prepared each containing distilled water and citrate buffer. H2O2 with higher concentration is used. The six tubes are then labeled according to their respective temperatures. The tubes are then placed in appropriate water bath and left for 10 minutes in order for them to reach equilibrium of their respective temperatures. The enzyme is then added and shaken well taking the reading at 0.00. The reading is maintained as a control reading for her remaining five experiments. Hydrogen peroxide is then added and the test tubes quickly returned to the water baths. The test tubes are allowed to stay in the water for as long as possible but taking the readings at every two minutes time interval and the data recorded. The spectrophotometer should be as close as possible to the water baths in order to end up accurate readings and the tubes should be wiped out with a tissue paper before they are placed in the spectrophotometer (T, 2006). Results and analysis 50g freshly peeled potato cubes are placed in 50ml cold distilled water. Crushed ice is then added to the mixture, which is then placed into a blender. The mixture is homogized for 30 seconds at a very high speed. The potato extract is then filtered into 100ml graduated cylinder. After this, cold distilled water is added into the mixture to fill it to the volume. The solution is then mixed properly. This solution acts as our

Persuasive essay in favour of abolishing hunting Essay Example for Free

Persuasive essay in favour of abolishing hunting Essay Hunting should be prohibited because it is all too simple for hunters to abuse regulations. Firstly, there is no way to be certain whether or not hunters comply with limits established in regards to the amount of animals they are allowed to kill, and where they are allowed to hunt. Every occurrence in a hunting expedition cannot be monitored and therefore hunters are essentially â€Å"allowed† to do as they please. The overconfidence that ensues leads to hunters taking even more lives than they are permitted. As well, hunters have the ability to enter reserves to hunt game, though they may not have the permission. This can have devastating consequences on the condition of the ecosystem where the animas live as well as the power to destroy and hinder conservation attempts. However, this could be solved through the abolition of hunting. Secondly, it is nearly impossible to identify whether methods that hunters use are â€Å"ethical†. Though there truly is no ethical way to kill an innocent animal, certain measures are taken to create laws to keep hunting as humane as possible. Nevertheless, there are many cases where these laws are disobeyed and ignored. For example, news stories have described a horrifying hunting method referred to as â€Å"slob-hunting†. Hunters will run into a herd of elk or other game and senselessly shoot, taking whatever they have killed and leaving wounded animals to simply die on their own. This merciless tactic is certainly something that is intolerable, and is yet another example of why sport hunting should be eliminated. Lastly, hunters are not supervised, giving them the ability to kill any animal in the area, including endangered species. Though most endangered species in places like North America are protected, animals do not stay stationary and there is always the possibility for one of these creatures to be injured or killed. Therefore, because hunters do not always comply with hunting laws, the practice should be abolished altogether. Another reason hunting should be outlawed is because it disrupts the intricate balance of an ecosystem. One example of this is the depletion of endangered species. There are many animals whose numbers have been severely reduced due to hunting, such as the polar bear. Though it may not seem like a conventional prey in sport hunting, climate change is not the only reason for their dwindling numbers. Polar bears are respectfully hunted in most parts of North America by the Inuit, as it is part of the culture of the area. However, polar bear trophies have now become the desire of many American sport hunters. These trophies are representative of nothing but the senseless murder of an animal, and are a prime example of how harmful sport hunting can be on an entire species. Hunters may argues that hunting is justified as it keeps animals from overpopulating, however in the wild this occurs independently. If left unchanged, and ecosystem can easily sustain itself and thrive. Population is naturally controlled through disease, as the weakest animals are killed off and the strongest are left to survive and breed, but when hunting, the strongest are the ones who are killed. To agree with a hunter’s logic would be agreeing that it is justified to kill an animal because they may become sick or starve, which is sickening. It is unnecessary cruelty, and should be eradicated. Hunting also disturbs hibernation patterns of animals, and can cause stress which can take a heavy toll on their wellbeing. For example, to wolves who live in very intimate families, the loss from hunting can devastate very many. Hunting also places very much stress on animals, and can hinder their eating. This in turn reduces their amount of fat and energy they store during hibernation, and may not allow them to survive through winter. The stress can also cause them to succumb more easily to diseases which in turn can spread to all members of the animal community. Consequently, because hunting disrupts the natural balance of plants and animals in an ecosystem, sport hunting should banned. Lastly, hunting also has the potential to destroy forests, and other habitats that animals live in. Hunters may leave camps unattended which can lead to forest fires, and damage the homes of plants and animals in the area. Unattended campfires in the campsites of hunters, especially in dry summer months, are extremely dangerous to forests. They can very easily catch on trees and can potentially destroy entire forests and take many lives. Setting up a camp itself, though it may seem like a simple act, can also have damage on the surrounding plant life. Not only are plants suffocated by the weight of a tent but also any other gear brought. They are also heavily trampled. This damage could be done to an animal’s food supply, and could cause an entire group of animals to go hungry. The weapons that hunters use can also cause physical damage to plants and trees which animals need for food and shelter. Bullets and arrows can easily slice through trees and plants, destroying both animal homes and their meals. Gunpowder and residues from other weapons can also settle onto plants. If ingested by an unsuspecting herbivore, this can make then very ill and can even be fatal to them. Finally, when hunting animals that reside in the water, the boats used pollute the oceans and lakes the animals call home, and injure animals that get too close to the propeller or motor. Boats moving through lakes deposit gasoline and oil into lakes, which can be fatal to aquatic life. They also drag litter into the water which is hazardous not only for fish and other underwater creatures, but for animals such as otters and birds as well. Boat motors and propellers can also be tremendously dangerous to marine life, as they are sharp and can seriously disfigure an innocent creature. Thus, because hunting has the ability to destroy not only animals but also their habitats, it should be prohibited.

Challenges Of Human Resource Information System Information Technology Essay

Challenges Of Human Resource Information System Information Technology Essay In this technological world, a lot of things are run by the most advanced technology. Therefore, those managers are using the latest technology to operate the whole system in the company. By using these latest technology can help the company work more effective and can help keep their company information more safe and secure. It is same as for the Human Resource Information System (HRIS). Human Resource Information System (HRIS) could be count as the latest technology that can help analyze the data necessary for human resource department to do its jobs properly. So, William (2006) say the Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is usually a part of the companys larger Management Information System (MIS) that to help the company to making recruiting, promoting, payroll, employee selection and placement, intake and training projections, career-pathing and productivity evaluation. These information systems help the administrative more effective and produce reports capable of improving decision making. But there are some challenges to make this useful Human Resource Information System cannot work well at all and will make Human Resource Information System work fail. The following are the challenges of Human Resource Information System: Training the users to use HRIS. Cost to purchase and implementation of HRIS. Time to adapt the HRIS. Lack functional expertise in designing. Improper vendor provide illegal copy of HRIS. 4.1 Training the users to use HRIS (by Choo Jun Cheng) The first challenge of company to implementation the Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is ensuring that a HRIS for a company involve one key issue that is have the users that can use this HRIS as well as he/she can said by William (2006). The HRIS could be count as the latest technology to operate to human resource department, but there is not every manager and employees know to use this system well and some of them even do not know what this system is and what this system is for. For this case will make the company face the challenge to use this HRIS to help their human resource department to do its jobs perfectly. This will also cause the company cannot work efficiently, quick access to information and the information will be have risk to stole by other company easily. So, human resource department need to provide training to employee of a company in certain areas and the human resource department must make sure that the employees in the company are properly trained to use t he HRIS well. However, teaching the employees how to use system is not the only component needed and it is also critical to teach the employees know to use the HRIS to locate the answers to solve the human resource questions. This requires the employees who under this training program need to adopt the new mindset of self-service rather than turning the human resources questions to the answers by using the Human Resource Information System (HRIS) and make employees become a part of HRIS. 4.2 Cost to purchase and implementation of HRIS (by Choo Jun Cheng) Next, the one of the most significant challenge facing by the company to run the Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is the cost to purchase and implementation of a Human Resource Information System (HRIS) said by William (2006). If the company is looking the cost to justify a HRIS new system or upgrade one, they will much need new HRIS software. But for the company already have a policy to cost justifying any new technology for their produce and investment and this cause the company facing the lack capital problem to purchase and implementation of HRIS. Besides that, HRIS system represents a large investment decision for company of all sizes to purchase and implementation this HRIS and this will become the challenge that is the lack capital problem facing by the company. Therefore, some company does not want to upgrade their HRIS system to a new one, even some of the company still using the traditional way to operate their human resource department. This situation will lead the company cannot get the benefits from HRIS that is improved accuracy of information, the provision of timely and quick access to information and the saving the costs of human resource. So, having an HRIS system in the company are very important and it can also bring a lot of benefits to the company and help to reengineer the entire Human Resource (HR) function to work more effective and help the human resource department can use full of HRIS advantages and the company can operate properly too. 4.3 Time to adapt the HRIS (by Choo Jun Cheng) Besides that, the challenge facing by the company is the time that employees and managers need to take to adapt the Human Resource Information System (HRIS) said by K. Michele (2006). Although for the company have already send the employees and managers who in certain area of human resource department to training to use the HRIS, but the employees and the managers need to take times to adapt the new system. Even if the employees and managers know how to use the system, it will not serve the company if they cannot perceive any benefits from its use said by K. Michele (2006). Besides that, some employees are not good in using computer, they will take very long time to adapt this new system even they are trained employees. Not only that, by using the Human Resource Information System (HRIS) will help to reengineer the entire Human Resource (HR) function and this also need take time for employees and managers to adapt this system. Some of their companys HRIS system are lack flexibility w ill cause the employees and managers use more time to adapt the system. Even this HRIS need some time for employees and managers to adapt for it but HRIS still can bring a lot of convenient to human resource department and it can help the company can operate properly. 4.4 Lack of functional expertise in designing (by Choo Jun Cheng) The challenge facing by the company is lack of functional expertise in designing of Human Resource Information System (HRIS) said by K. Michele (2006). The HRIS could be count as the latest technology to operate to human resource department to do the job properly, but there are not yet become a flexibility system for operate the department and company need to hire the expert in this HRIS system keep maintain the system in perfect condition. The lack of flexibility of HRIS would have a risk hacking by theft of information, the companys information would easily know by other people. Besides that, the HRIS cannot solve the difficulty situation and sometime the system will solve wrong problem because of the lack of functional expertise in designing of HRIS. But if the company can keep upgrade the functional expertise in designing of HRIS and it can overcome this problem and it can help company operate the human resource department work efficiency. So, the company need to keep maintain th e HRIS system and always make sure the system are at the perfect situation. 4.5 Improper vendor provide illegal copy of HRIS (by Choo Jun Cheng) The last challenge that face by the company is the improper vendor that provide the illegal copy of HRIS said by Pamela (2006). It is because the HRIS is the latest technology for the company to operate the human resource department and implementation HRIS are expensive, so many of company willing to implementation the illegal copy of HRIS because the improper vendor cost the company cheaper than others. The illegal copy of HRIS possible have the virus that always make the system clash down then the company need to ask the improper vendor repair it and improper vendor can keep charge the company repair fees. Besides that, the illegal copy of HRIS possible have the spyware that let the improper vendor have the backdoor that allow the improper vendor can stole the information from the company. So, for every company need to avoid buy the illegal copy from improper vendor. 4.6 Conclusion (by Choo Jun Cheng) In the conclusion, Human Resource Information System (HRIS) plays an important role to operate the company, even the Human Resource Information System (HRIS) are facing many of challenges to use this system in the company. But if we can overcome those challenges and situation to make the HRIS can run perfect inside the company, we can gain a lot of advantages and by using this system can make sure our human resource department can work more effectively and more efficiently. This HRIS system can also help reduce errors, increase efficiency, and reduce costs for the company and this system are very useful and helpful to the company. 4.7 Reference William P. Anthony, K. Michele Kacmar, Pamela L. Perreve (2006) Human Resource Management (Fifth Edition) Thomson, the Star logo, and Custom Publishing, Chapter 4.

Soldiers Home by Ernest Hemingway Essay -- Soldier’s Home Ernest Hemi

Soldier’s Home by Ernest Hemingway In Soldier’s Home, Ernest Hemingway depicts Harold Krebs return home from World War I and the problems he faces when dealing with his homecoming and transition back towards a normal life. After the fighting overseas commenced, it took Krebs a year to finally leave Europe and return to his family in Oklahoma. Once home, he found it hard to talk about all he had seen in his tour of duty overseas, which should be attributed to the fact that he saw action in some of the bloodiest, most crucial battles towards the culmination of the war. Therefore, Krebs difficulty in acknowledging his past is because he was indeed a â€Å"good soldier† (139), whose efforts in order to survive â€Å"The Great War,† were not recognized by his country, town and even worse, his own family. After his late return from the war, Krebs moved back to the home of his family in Oklahoma. Although this seems common to what most soldiers would do after war, Krebs stay away from his family had been an elongated one. This is not just because of his leisure time at the Rhine with German prostitutes after the war had ended, but also because he went to the war direct from a â€Å"Methodist College in Kansas† (136). With that information, we can deduce that Krebs had not lived with his family for more than two years, but most likely between four and six. This must have put a serious strain on his relationship with his family members, who in his own mind, obviously lived in a different world than he did. Before the war, his father did not even trust him with responsibility of taking out the family car. Now, on his return, his â€Å"father was noncommittal† and basically absent from his life, not to mention he is never actually present at any time in the story. The only ti me Krebs father is brought up in conversation, is by Krebs mother when she tells him that they both had discussed Krebs being able to take out the family car. Even when his mother reveals that it had been his father’s idea, Krebs replied â€Å"I’ll bet you made him† (139). This statement is a clear hint into the way Krebs truly feels about his father, whom he seems to have no faith in. Krebs relationship with his mother is not much better, when she asked if he loved her, he quickly responded â€Å"No†(140), which sent her to tears. This was probably not always the truth, Krebs having been raised in the South, was once ... ...hich they had already heard from other returned soldiers. However, the clearest view into Krebs true feelings of how it had been to be a soldier, is â€Å"when he occasionally met another man who had really been a soldier and they talked a few minutes in the dressing room at a dance he fell into the easy pose of the old soldier among other soldiers: that he had been badly, sickeningly frightened all the time† (137). This shows that even when he could be comfortable, in the presence of another real soldier, the only thing that came back to either of them was the raw fear for their survival. Although Krebs had served in some of the turning point and final battles of the war, which had made him think of himself as a â€Å"good soldier,† the true image and feelings of a soldier at war were not always brave and confident, but merely frightened all the time; â€Å"In this way he lost everything†(137). He lost any feeling of personal accomplishment that had surfaced with his return from service; all he could feel was fear and that disgusted him. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. "Soldier's Home", from Ernest Hemingway: The Short Stories. (New York, NY : Scribner Paperback Fiction Edition) 2005.

A Review of Peter Brown’s Augustine of Hippo Essay -- Augustine Hippo

A Review of Peter Brown’s Augustine of Hippo   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peter Brown’s Augustine of Hippo is a dense, scholarly work outlining the entire life of the Catholic bishop.   The University of California Press in Berkeley, California published the work in 1967.   My version was the 1973 second paperback printing, found in the University library.   Its smallish, scholarly, serifed, typewritten font allows for a instant respect for the subject matter:   the words are at first imposing, but then revealing as their serious tone complements the complexity of the text.   The pages are studded with footnotes, filling out this work with evidence of Brown’s exhaustive research.   There is a three-page preface before the work, and, after the work, a seventeen-page bibliography, and ten-page index.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brown’s book is organized, like any scholarly biography, chronologically according to Augustine’s life.   It is separated into five parts, each corresponding to significant portions of Augustine’s life:   his pagan life, his conversion, his actions against the Donatists, his actions against Pelagians, and his final legacy and death.   Each part opens with a chronological table of events both directly involving Augustine and the world he lived in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first part begins with â€Å"Africa,† a chapter detailing the section of northern Africa:   its Greco-Roman literary and political history, painting a picture of the world Augustine came from.   The next chapter, titled â€Å"Monica,† describes Augustine’s parents, particularly his mother, and their religious beliefs and socioeconomic status.   â€Å"Education,† the third chapter, is about the future bishop’s early education, focusing on his introduction to his favorite school subject, Latin literature.   T... ...uum:   Writing the ‘City of God,’† rather than just â€Å"City of God.†Ã‚   (This chapter is actually misprinted in the table of contents as â€Å"Opus Magnum† rather than â€Å"Magnum Opus,† a small error, but one easy enough to catch in proofreading, for this second paperback edition.   Also, Brown has a penchant for Latin or French phrases, inserted randomly to convey special meaning; this could be forgivable if they were translated or explained, even in the spacious footnotes:   they are not, leaving the layman reader frequently confused and agitated.   But, this book is not intended for the layman; it is a scholarly work, and most readers would be in his field of antiquity, and most probably know Latin, and be more acquainted with familiar French phrases.   Augustine of Hippo is not perfect, but it is an extremely good biography, being both exceedingly thorough and fully captivating.

Historical Background of Victimology Essay

I. Introduction The nature and extent of victimization is not adequately understood across the world. Millions of people throughout the world suffer harm as a result of crime, the abuse of power, terrorism and other stark misfortunes. Their rights and needs as victims of this harm have not been adequately recognized. The UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration on Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power in 1985. This provides a universal benchmark by which progress can be assessed in meeting the needs of victims of crime and abuse of power. Much progress has been made since 1985 primarily by governments in Western Europe, North America and elsewhere. They have implemented programmes and laws to give effect to those basic principles but even in affluent countries much work remains. Additional resources are needed everywhere especially for countries that are developing and in transition. The convention on transnational organized crime includes a specific section to protect the rights of victims as does the optional protocol on trafficking. By June, 2005, 99 nations had already ratified the Statute of Rome that establishes a permanent International Criminal Court which gives effect to the principles in the Declaration. The rights of the victims of crime and abuse of power are still not adequately recognized in any part of the world. Their families, witnesses and others, who aid them, are still unjustly subjected to loss, damage or injury. They too often suffer hardship when assisting in the prosecution of offenders. The recent UN Congress in Bangkok also drew attention to the victims of terrorism. Victims of stark misfortunes such as natural disasters, accidents and diseases share similar trauma, loss and suffering. Services to meet the needs of victims have much in common between victims of crime, abuse of power and stark misfortunes. Action must be taken to advance research, services and awareness for victims across the world. This requires persons committed to these ideals, better services, more research, innovative education and training and continued advocacy and rights. It requires a process of assessing progress and acting to make the necessary improvements. II. DISCUSSION I. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF VICTIMOLOGY A. The Early Roots The word â€Å"victim† has its roots in many ancient languages that covered a great distance from northwestern Europe to the southern tip of Asia and yet had a similar linguistic pattern: victima in Latin; và ­h, wà ©oh, wà ­g in Old European; wà ­h, wà ­hi in Old High German; và © in Old Norse; weihs in Gothic; and, vinak ti in Sanskrit (Webster’s 1971). Victimology as an academic term contains two elements: †¢ One is the Latin word â€Å"Victima† which translates into â€Å"victim†. †¢ The other is the Greek word â€Å"logos† which means a system of knowledge, the direction of something abstract, the direction of teaching, science, and a discipline. Although writings about the victim appeared in many early works by such criminologists as Beccaria (1764), Lombroso (1876), Ferri (1892), Garà ³falo (1885), Sutherland (1924), Hentig (1948), Nagel (1949), Ellenberger (1955), Wolfgang (1958) and Schafer (1968), the concept of a science to study victims and the word â€Å"victimology† had its origin with the early writings of Beniamin Mendelsohn (1937; 1940), these leading to his seminal work where he actually proposed the term â€Å"victimology† in his article â€Å"A New Branch of Bio-Psycho-Social Science, Victimology† (1956). It was in this article that he suggested the establishment of an international society of victimology which has come to fruition with the creation of the World Society of Victimology, the establishment of a number of victimological institutes (including the creation in Japan of the Tokiwa International Victimology Institute); and, the establishment of international journals which are now also a part of this institute. Mendelsohn provided us with his victimology vision and blueprint; and, as his disciples we have followed his guidance. We now refer to Mendelsohn as â€Å"The Father of Victimology†. B. Critical Dates in Victimology †¢ 1924 Edwin Sutherland includes a chapter on victims in his criminology textbook. †¢ 1937 Beniamin Mendelsohn publishes his writings on the rapist and his victim. †¢ 1941 Hans von Hentig publishes article on victim and criminal interactions. †¢ 1947 Beniamin Mendelsohn coins the term â€Å"victimology† in a French journal. †¢ 1948 Hans von Hentig publishes his book The Criminal and His Victim. †¢ 1949 Frederic Wertham first used the word â€Å"victimology† in a book Show of Violence. †¢ 1957 Margery Fry proposes victim compensation in the London Times. †¢ 1958 Marvin Wolfgang studies homicide victims; uses the term â€Å"victim precipitation†. †¢ 1963 New Zealand enacts the first Criminal Compensation Act. †¢ 1965 California is the first state in the USA to start Victim Compensation. †¢ 1966 Japan enacts Criminal Indemnity Law. †¢ 1966 USA starts to survey crime victims not reported to the police †¢ 1967 Canada creates a Criminal Compensation Injuries Act as does Cuba and Switzerland. †¢ 1968 Stephan Schafer writes the first victimology textbook The Victim and His Criminal. †¢ 1972 The first three victim assistance programmes are created in St. Louis, Missouri, San Francisco, California and in Washington, D. C. †¢ 1973 the first international symposium on victimology is held in Jerusalem, Israel. †¢ 1974 the first police-based victim advocate project started in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA. †¢ 1975 The first â€Å"Victim Rights’ Week† is organized by the Philadelphia District Attorney, * Associate Professor, Criminology Department, California State University, Fresno; Director, Tokiwa International Victimology Institute, Tokiwa University Victimology Graduate School, Japan. Pennsylvania, USA. †¢ 1976 John Dussich launches the National Organization of Vi ctim Assistance (NOVA) in Fresno, California, USA. †¢ 1976 Emilio Viano launches the first scholarly journal devoted to victimology. †¢ 1976 James Rowland creates the first Victim Impact Statement in Fresno, California, USA. †¢ 1979 The World Society of Victimology is founded in Munster, Germany. †¢ 1980 Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) is founded by Candi Lightner after one of her twin daughters was killed by a drunk driver who was a repeat offender. †¢ 1981 President Ronald Reagan proclaims the first national Victims’ Rights Week in April. †¢ 1982 the first Victim Impact Panel established by MADD to educate drunk drivers about how their victims suffered, started in Rutland, Massachusetts, USA. †¢ 1984 The Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) establishes the national Crime Victims Fund from federal crime fines to pay for state victim compensation and services. †¢ 1985 The United Nations unanimously adopts the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. †¢ 1987 The US Department of Justice opens the National Victims Resource Centre in Rockville, Maryland. †¢ 1988 The first â€Å"Indian Nations: Justice for Victims of Crime† conference is held by the Office for Victims of Crime in Rapid City, South Dakota, USA. †¢ 1990 The European Forum for Victim Services was founded by all the national organizations in Europe working for victims of crime in consultative status with the Council of Europe and the UN. †¢ 1999 The United Nations and the US Office for Victims of Crime publish the Guide for Policymakers on the Implementation of the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power and the Handbook on Justice for Victims: On the Use and Application of the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. †¢ 2002 On 11 April, 66 the Rome Statute was ratified & went into force on 1 July at which time the International Criminal Court became effective and it included the creation of a Victim and Witness Unit. †¢ 2003 On October 2nd the Tokiwa International Victimology Institute, in Mito Japan opened its doors to promote victim rights, to conduct seminars, courses, publish an international journal, and host annual symposia and lectures and research about victimology. †¢ 2004 The World Society of Victimology at its annual Executive Committee meeting in Orlando, Florida adopts a dramatic new strategic plan to commit itself to the ideals and promises of the UN Declaration. †¢ 2005 Japan puts the UN Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power into their national legislation by adopting a new fundamental law for crime victims. To ensure that the principles would be initiated, the Prime Minister established a cabinet level committee. The new law includes services for victims, restitution from the offender, information about criminal justice and a right to formally participate in the criminal justice process. C. Victim Assistance Since the mid 1970s victim assistance programmes in America had to cope with the realization that this new field did not have a professional corps of people with special training in dealing with crime victims. Those who were working in the programmes were a mixture of medical doctors, ministers, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, on-the-job trained counsellors, persons outside the helping professions and volunteers with all levels of training. There were no international or national professional standards. There was no certificate or degree to prepare someone to do the work of helping victims recover. However, before formal victim assistance programmes evolved, there were some people trained to work with victim problems, especially people who had been helping child abuse and family violence victims. These were social workers. Today, the victim services scene has changed. There are a wide array of professionals and non-professionals working with victims. These would include: social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, nurses, medical doctors, non-specific professionals (who received their formal degrees in other fields but were trained to help victims in the numerous training schools which are both part and independent of academic settings); and, volunteers (who also received their training in the numerous training schools which are both part and independent of academic settings, many of which are 40 hour training modules offered by the victim service agencies where they work). Today the field of victim assistance is the major career field in victimology for persons wanting to help victims of crime directly. The single largest and oldest university offering a bachelor’s degree in victimology and a victim services certificate is the California State University, Fresno. Worldwide, it can be estimated that there are about 20,000 victim service programmes now operating: reducing suffering and facilitating recovery. II. KEY CONCEPTS IN VICTIMOLOGY A. Concepts 1. â€Å"Victim† has it roots in the early religious notions of suffering, sacrifice and death. This concept of â€Å"victim† was well known in the ancient civilizations, especially in Babylonia, Palestine, Greece, and Rome. In each of these civilizations the law mandated that the victim should be recognized as a person who deserved to be made whole again by the offender. 2. â€Å"Crime victim† is a person who has been physically, financially or emotionally injured and/or had their property taken or damaged by someone committing a crime. 3. â€Å"Victimogenesis† refers to the origin or cause of a victimization; the constellation of variables which caused a victimization to occur. 4. â€Å"Victim Precipitation† a victimization where the victim causes, in part or totally, their own victimization. 5. â€Å"Vulnerability† is a physical, psychological, social, material or financial condition whereby a person or an object has a weakness which could render them a victim if another person or persons would recognize these weaknesses and take advantage of them. 6. â€Å"General Victim† is a person who has been physically, financially or emotionally injured and/or had their property taken or damaged by someone, an event, an organization or a natural phenomenon. 7. â€Å"Victimization† refers to an event where persons, communities and institutions are damaged or injured in a significant way. Those persons who are impacted by persons or events suffer a violation of rights or significant disruption of their well being. 8. â€Å"Victimology† is an academic scientific discipline which studies data that describes phenomena and causal relationships related to victimizations. This includes events leading to the victimization, the victim’s experience, its aftermath and the actions taken by society in response to these victimizations. Therefore, victimology includes the study of the precursors, vulnerabilities, events, impacts, recoveries, and responses by people, organizations and cultures related to victimizations. 9. â€Å"Abuse of Power† is the violation of a national or international standard in the use of organized powerful forces such that persons are injured physically, mentally, emotionally, economically, or in their rights, as a direct and intentional result of the misapplication of these forces. 10. â€Å"Victim Assistance, Support or Services† are those activities which are applied in response to victimizations with the intention of relieving suffering and facilitating recovery. This includes offering information, assessments, individual interventions, case advocacy, system advocacy, public policy and programme development. 11. â€Å"Victim Recovery† is the resumption of the same or better level of functionality as was enjoyed prior to victimization. Persons who have been victimized vary in their level of mental health and wellbeing prior to their victimization. Consequently, victimization affects each person in a different way and causes differing degrees of injury or trauma. In their recovery it is necessary for victims to first try to regain their previous level of functioning plus learn from their misfortune and hopefully exceed their previous level of functionality. To be recovered suggests that a person has at least regained their prior level of well-being and at best, has exceeded it. This state may be measured by identifying their previous mental condition and determining if they have at least regained that prior status using the criteria of: trust in others, autonomy of self, individual initiative, competency in daily activities, self-identity, interpersonal intimacy, control over person al situations, successful relationships, safety in daily activities, acknowledgment of memory, trauma symptoms have become manageable, self esteem is restored, resourcefulness is achieved, and there is an improved ability to ward off potential threats. 12. â€Å"Child Abuse† is the intentional application of sexual, physical, emotional or psychological injury to a child to include neglect at the hands of her or his parents or care-provider within the confines of their family or place of care. 13. â€Å"Victim Offender Mediation† (VOM) is a formal process for face-to-face meetings in the presence of a trained mediator between a victim of a crime and his/her offender who committed that crime. This is also called victim-offender dialogue, victim-offender conferencing, victim-offender reconciliation, or restorative justice. Often the victim and the offender are joined by their respective families and community members or other persons related to the crime event. In these meetings, the offender and the victim talk to each other about the victimization, the effects it had on their lives, and their feelings about it. The aim is to create a mutually agreeable plan to repair any damage or injury that occurred as a result of th e crime in the hopes of permanently eliminating the conflict that caused the crime in the first place. 14. â€Å"Restorative Justice† is a systematic formal legal response to crime victimization that emphasizes healing the injuries that resulted from the crime and affected the victims, offenders and communities. This process is a departure from the traditional retributive form of dealing with criminals and victims which traditionally have generally perpetuated the conflict which resulted in the original crime. 15. â€Å"Victim Trauma† includes emotional and physical experiences that produce pain and injuries. Emotional injury is a normal response to an extremely abnormal event. It results from the pairing of a painful or frightening emotional experience with a specific memory which emerge and have a long lasting effect on the life of a person. The more direct the exposure to the traumatic event, the higher the risk for emotional harm and prolonged effects. 16. â€Å"Crisis Intervention† is the provision of emergency psychological care to traumatized victims so as to help them return to an adaptive level of functioning and to prevent or mitigate the negative impact of psychological and emotional trauma. 17. â€Å"Compensation† is a formal administrative procedure provided by law which provides only money to victims for â€Å"out of pocket† real expenses directly resulting from the victimization to be paid by the state after the victim is found to qualify according to specific criteria determined by the respective state or federal law. 18. â€Å"Restitution† is a formal judicial procedure used by a judge after guilt is determined as part of a sentence which can provide money and/or services to the victim for damages or suffering which resulted from the victimization to be paid or performed by the offender. 19. â€Å"Victim Survey† is a periodic data collection and analysis process conducted usually by a government entity within the general population to study information about crime victims regardless whether they reported their victimization to the police or not. It typically uses a face-to-face or telephone interview (or sent questionnaire) and covers demographics, attitudes about crime and details about the victimizations experienced over the previous six months. 20. â€Å"Victim Rights† are privileges and procedures required by written law which guarantee victims specific considerations and treatment by the criminal justice system, the government and the community at large. B. Abuse of Power 1. Background In spite of the legal sanctions which exist throughout the world to prevent the abuse of power (AOP), it continues to occur with growing frequency and relative impunity. There are essentially five considerations to abuse of power: the type of abuser; the specific abuser; the method used; the victims; and the extent of injury and damage. In each of these five considerations there are numerous examples ranging from the Government of South Africa’s use of apartheid on Black South Africans causing extensive death and suffering, to the criminal organization known as the MAFIA which uses racketeering, coercion, intimidation, graft and corruption on innocent citizens causing extensive death, suffering and property loss. The most recent example of AOP is the government of Yugoslavia (now dominated by ethnic Serbs) using extreme forms of aggression, against Croats, Bosnia Muslims, and most recently ethnic Kosovans with: mass killings; mass rapes; extensive destruction of property; buildings, and sacred cultural symbols, for the most part ignoring the protocols found in the Geneva Conventions for the conduct of warfare. This macro criminological/victimological phenomenon has been extensively reported on by the media and by scholars, but predominantly in narrative form. Thus far, very few attempts have been made to isolate the key variables, explain the dynamics of these events and measure their occurrences. 2. Theoretical Problem Like all phenomena, these abuse of power events lend themselves to definitions, theoretical organization and measurement. The magnitude of these occurrences dramatically turn our heads away from the dispassionate evaluation of the facts. The drama of these events is so compelling, even trained theorists put aside their research tools and yield to the subjective descriptions which overwhelm those chronicling these massive abuses. In spite of the strong emotions, the magnitude of the problem calls for careful measurement, analysis and synthesis so that a degree of understanding can emerge. This proposal will consider using the social behavioural and conflict theories familiar to most criminologist who study macro criminological phenomena. III. MEASURING VICTIMIZATION A. The Importance and Limitations of Descriptive Research Descriptive research is primarily concerned with generally characterizing a phenomenon to determine basic information about amount, frequencies and categories of a particular theme. Thus, one of the basic types of data in descriptive research is nominal level data or the counting of â€Å"apples and oranges†. The most important type of victimological descriptive research are victimization surveys. These surveys have thus far become the backbone of victimology information. Not only do these surveys give us the number and types of victims, they also give us trend information so that we can compare victims from one jurisdiction to another, from one type of victim to another, and we can measure the rate of victimization for a given population in a given time period. Another important measurement using survey research is the measurement of behaviours that exist as continua. These types of research give us information about the feelings, opinions and responses the victims have. Thus, they are very important in understanding the impact of victimization and the progress of recovery. 1. The Necessity of Evaluative Research Another important type of research is the evaluative research used to measure the official government or organizational responses to victimization and the programmes used to help victims cope. These types of research are aimed at measuring the systemic aspects of the victim experience. This is usually focused on the â€Å"Twin Criteria of Success†: effectiveness, which evaluates the achievement of programme objectives; and, efficiency which evaluates the consumption of resources over the time needed to achieve objectives. Another aspect of evaluative research is accountability, both economic and political. Economic accountability focuses on whether the existence of a particular programme in a given community is justified given the funds available and the value-system currently in existence. Political accountability focuses on whether the existence of a victim programme and its costs are supported by those in power. A large part of accountability has to do with community values, outcome expectations and official responsibilities. The measurement of these variables helps to socially contextualize a victim programme or response within the larger society or culture. 2. Explaining the Victimization with Causal Research Perhaps the most challenging and difficult form of victimological research is causal research. This research attempts to explain why and how some variables are effected by other variables in those phenomena dealing with victims. For example, it might try to understand why some victims are severely traumatized by an event, while other victims are not seriously impacted by the same event. The usual method of this form of research is to first create hypotheses about the relationships between cause variables and effect variables. Then, to measure these variables and see if the data can support the hypotheses. Ultimately, this process can lead to understanding not just one casual link, but many connected causal links, or a causal chain. A victimologist can then develop a theoretical statement with the new facts uncovered using causal research. These theoretical statements help to understand complex social and psychological victim phenomenon. Consequently persons working to prevent victimization could have empirically derived facts so as to reduce the vulnerability of potential victims. Crisis interveners could effectively reduce the suffering of victims immediately after the victimization and prevent the escalation of trauma. Advocates and therapists, basing their response on protocol analysis, could better know what works to facilitate victim recovery and reduce or eliminate long-term suffering and promote the return to stable and functional lives for those victimized. IV. THE FUTURE OF VICTIMOLOGY A. Promising Practices As new programmes and new laws evolve some prove effective and others not. In the search for programmes and laws that fulfil the fundamental aims of the United National Declaration, â€Å"to be treated with compassion and respect for their dignity, to be provided with access to the mechanisms of justice and to prompt redress to be informed of their rights, to be informed of their role and the scope, timing and progress of the proceedings and of the disposition of their case, to be provided with proper assistance throughout the legal process, to have their privacy protected and insure their safety, to be considered for receipt of restitution, to be informed about receiving compensation.† These criteria determine the value of programmes and laws so that they can be evaluated and ultimately recommended as worthy of duplication. In each of the sub-categories of victim programmes, laws, practices and rights, specific examples have become known. Some of these are listed below (from the New Directions from the Field: Victims’ Rights and Services for the 21st Century, U.S. Department of Justice, 1998). 1. Law Enforcement †¢ In San Diego, California there is a partnership between the police and the YWCA which resulted in a Community Domestic Violence Resource Network. This has resulted in a major resource for all the police agencies in the community for accurate information about the availability of shelters at any given time. †¢ In Provo, Utah victims participate in crime solving, called â€Å"victim-assisted† investigations. †¢ In Orange County, California a group of five victim advocates working together in a non-profit programme work with police and prosecutors to ensure comprehensive services for victims of gang violence. 2. Prosecution †¢ In Kenosha, Wisconsin, a programme established by the district attorney established special prosecution units for domestic violence and sensitive crimes. †¢ In Pinellas County, Florida, the state’s attorney’s office established a special prosecutor to be responsible for all elder exploitation and neglect cases. This includes police training, community outreach and education for other prosecutors. †¢ In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Victim Services Unit located in the District Attorney’s Office, employs Vietnamese and Cambodian victim-witness coordinators to assist victims from Southeast Asia throughout their case process, including translating information and helping victims with emergency medical and financial assistance. 3. Judiciary †¢ In Tucson, Arizona, the Municipal Court established a partnership with the police, victim advocates, prosecutors and health care professionals to form a Community Domestic Violence Awareness Centre. †¢ In New York State, the Permanent Judicial Commission on Justice for Children was established to provide assistance to children in the courts so as to provide a special space for child care so that those children whose parents are in court have a safe haven during their stay. †¢ In Santa Clara County, California, the courts have established local family violence councils to provide a comprehensive response to domestic violence. 4. Corrections †¢ In Texas, the Department of Criminal Justice started a victim-offender mediation/dialogue programme for victims of severe violence and their incarcerated offenders. †¢ In California one of the best known victim-offender programmes is the Impact of Crime on Victims (IOC) initiated by the California Youth Authority. This programme is aimed at providing 40 hours of education to inform offenders about how crimes affect victims and society. †¢ The US Federal Bureau of Prisons piloted victim awareness classes on drug and domestic violence crimes for offenders in halfway houses in Baltimore, Maryland, and Tampa, Florida. B. Reality of Promising Practices Although a wide variety of new programmes have been tried and dubbed as â€Å"promising† most of these have not been subjected to any form of empirical evaluation. Before these programme can be accepted as worthy of duplication, they must be carefully scrutinized over a sufficient time period. V. Demographic Characteristics The risk of becoming a crime victim varies as a function of demographic variables such as: †¢ Gender †¢ Age †¢ Race †¢ Socioeconomic class Gender With the exception of sexual assault and domestic violence, men have higher risk of assault than women (Gelles & Straus, 1988; Hanson et al., 1993; Norris, 1992). Lifetime risk of homicide is three to four times higher for men than women (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992). Age Adolescents have substantially higher rates of assault than young adults or older Americans (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992; Hanson et al., 1993; Kilpatrick, Edmunds & Seymour, 1992; Kilpatrick et al., in press; Reiss & Roth, 1993; Whitaker & Bastian, 1991). Data from the National Crime Victimization Survey indicate that 12-to-19 year olds are two to three times as likely as those over 20 to become victims of personal crime each year (Whitaker & Bastian, 1991). Data from The National Women’s Study indicate that 62% of all forcible rape cases occurred when the victim was under 18 years of age (Kilpatrick et al., 1992). Race Racial and ethnic minorities have higher rates of assault than other Americans (FBI Uniform Crime Report, 1992; Hanson et al., 1993; Kilpatrick et al., 1991; Reiss & Roth, 1993). In 1990, African-Americans were six times more likely than white Americans to be homicide victims (FBI Uniform Crime Report, 1992). Rates of violent assault are approximately twice as high for African- and Hispanic-Americans compared to White Americans (Reiss & Roth, 1993). Kilpatrick et al. (1991) found that African-Americans (28%) and Hispanic-Americans (30%) were significantly more likely than White Americans (19%) to have ever been violent victims of crime. Socioeconomic Class Violence disproportionately affects those from lower socioeconomic classes (U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1991). Family income is related to rates of violence and victimization, with lower income families at a higher risk than those from higher income brackets (Reiss & Roth, 1993). †¢ For example, in 1988, the risk of victimization was 2.5 times greater for families with the lowest incomes (under $7,500) compared to those with the highest ($50,000 and over) (Reiss & Roth, 1993). Using longitudinal data from The National Women’s Study, Kilpatrick et al., (in press) found that women with household incomes less than $10,000 had odds 1.8 times greater than those with incomes of $10,000 or more of becoming a rape or aggravated assault victim in the two year follow-up period. Poverty increased the risk of assault even after controlling for the effects of prior victimization and sensation seeking. However, some other studies report that family income is a less important predictor of victimization than gender, age, or ethnicity (Reiss & Roth, 1993). Interpreting Demographic Characteristic Data Some of the conflicting findings about demographic characteristics as risk factors for violent crime are attributable to methodological variations across studies. Another reason for conflicting findings is that many demographic variables are confounded. That is, they are so interrelated as to cause some difficulty in separating out their relative contributions. Demographic variables of age, gender, and racial status all tend to be confounded with income: young people tend to be poorer than older people; women tend to have less income than men; and African-Americans tend to have less income than white Americans. Repeat Victimization and the Cycle of Violence Until recently, there was little appreciation of the extent to which many people are victims of crime not just once, but several times during their lifetime. There was sufficient understanding of how repeated victimization increases the risk for and complexity of crime-related psychological trauma. Nor did we understand the extent to which victimization increases the risk of further victimization and/or of violent behavior by the victim. Several studies show that a substantial proportion of crime victims has been victimized more than once and that a history of victimization increases the risk of subsequent violent assault (e.g. Kilpatrick et al., in press; Koss & Dinero, 1989; Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, Saunders & Best, 1993; Kilpatrick et al., 1992; Reiss & Roth, 1993; Wyatt, Guthrie & Notgrass, 1992; Zawitz, 1983). Other research suggests that the risk of developing PTSD and substance use/abuse problems is higher among repeat victims of violent assault than among those who have experienced only one violent assault (e.g., Kilpatrick et al., in press; Breslau et al., in press; Kilpatrick, Resnick, Saunders, Best & Epstein, 1994). Still other evidence suggests that youth victimization history increases risk of involvement with delinquent peers and of subsequent delinquent behavior (Ageton, 1983; Dembo et al., 1992; Straus, 1984; Widom, 1989, 1992). Some research shows that involvement with delinquent or deviant peers increases the risk of victimization (e.g., Ageton, 1983), and that substance use also increases risk of victimization (e.g., Kilpatrick et al., 1994; Cottler, Compton, Mager, Spitznagel, and Janca, 1992). Another line of research has found that a history of child abuse and neglect increases risk of delinquent behavior during childhood and adolescence and of being arrested for violent assault as an adult (e.g., Widom, 1989, 1994). This new knowledge about repeat victimization and the cycle of violence has several implications for appropriate mental health counseling for crime victims: †¢ Mental health professionals should include crime prevention and substance abuse prevention in their work with victims to decrease the risk that new victimization or substance abuse problems will occur (e.g., Kilpatrick et al., in press; Kilpatrick et al., 1994). †¢ Mental health professionals should not assume that the crime they are treating is the only one the victim has experienced. This requires taking a careful crime victimization history. †¢ Providing effective mental health counseling to victims may well be an effective way to reduce the risk of future victimization, substance use /abuse, delinquency and violent behavior. Residential Location Where an individual lives influences one’s risk of becoming a violent crime victim. Reiss and Roth (1993) report that violent crime rates increased as a function of community size. For example, the violent crime rate was 359 per 100,000 residents in cities of less than 10,000; but 2,243 per 100,000 in cities with populations over a million translates to rates seven times greater. (Reiss & Roth, 1993; p. 79). Data including non-reported crimes from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) also indicate that violent crime rates are highest in central cities, somewhat lower in suburban areas, and lowest in rural areas (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992). The UCR and the NCVS are better at measuring street crime than at measuring violent crimes perpetrated by acquaintances or partners. Thus, the assumption that the increased risk of violent assault associated with residential location most likely results from stranger attacks, not necessarily from attacks by family members or other intimates, is a function of the limits of the measurement device. Exposure to Potential Assailants No violent assault can occur unless an assailant has access to a potential victim. Someone could have every previously discussed risk factor for violent assault and be completely safe from assault unless approached by an assailant. A prominent theory attempting to predict risk of criminal victimization is the routine activities theory. As described by Laub (1990), the risk of victimization is related to a person’s lifestyle, behavior, and routine activities. In turn, lifestyles and routine activities are generally related to demographic characteristics (e.g., age and marital status) and other personal characteristics. If a person’s lifestyle or routine activities places him or her in frequent contact with potential assailants, then they are more likely to be assaulted than if their routine activities and lifestyle do not bring them into as frequent contact with predatory individuals. For example, young men have higher rates of assaultive behavior than any other age-gend er group (Reiss & Roth, 1993; Rosenberg & Mercy, 1991). Thus, those whose routine activities or lifestyles involve considerable contact with young men should have higher rates of victimization. Likewise, people who are married, who never leave their houses after dark, and who never take public transportation should have limited contact with young men, and therefore have reduced risk of assault. Although some have argued that routine activities theory has substantial support in the empirical literature (Laub, 1990; Gottfredson, 1981), most of the crime victimization data that are used to evaluate assault risk measure stranger assaults much better than partner or acquaintance assaults. Thus, the theory is probably much more relevant to stranger assaults than to other assaults. VI. Conclusion and Recommendation Crime-related psychological trauma impairs the ability and/or willingness of many crime victims to cooperate with the criminal justice system. Many argued that victims must be treated better by the criminal justice system because it cannot accomplish its mission without the cooperation of victims. At every key stage of the criminal justice system process–from contemplating making a report to police, to attending a parole hearing–interactions can be stressful for victims and often exacerbates crime-related psychological trauma. Victims whose crime-related fear makes them reluctant to report crimes to police or who are too terrified to testify, effectively make it impossible for the criminal justice system to accomplish its mission. Thus, it is important to understand: †¢ Victims’ crime-related mental health problems. †¢ What aspects of the criminal justice system process are stressful to victims. †¢ What can be done to help victims with their crime-related mental health problems. †¢ What can be done to help victims cope with criminal justice system-related stress. Effective partnerships among the criminal justice system, victim assistance personnel, and trained mental health professionals can help victims with crime-related psychological trauma and with criminal justice system-related stress. By helping victims through such partnerships, the criminal justice system also helps itself become more effective in curbing and reducing crime. Several factors in the application of different conditioning principles to victims’ interactions with the criminal justice system helps us understand why the criminal justice system is so stressful for many victims. First, involvement with the criminal justice system requires crime victims to encounter many cognitive and environmental stimuli that remind them of the crime. These range from: †¢ Having to look at the defendant in the courtroom. †¢ Having to think about details of the crime when preparing to testify. †¢ Confronting a member of â€Å"second-order conditioned stimuli† in the form of police, victim/witness advocates, and prosecutors. Second, encountering all these crime-related conditioned stimuli often results in avoidance behavior on the part of the victims. †¢ Such avoidance behavior is generated by conditioned fear and anxiety, not by apathy. Avoidance can lead victims to cancel or not show up for appointments with criminal justice system officers, or victim advocates. Aside from conditioning, there are several other reasons that interacting with the criminal justice system can be stressful for victims. †¢ One reason interactions are stressful is because victims lack information about that system and its procedures, and victims fear the unknown. †¢ A second reason interactions are stressful is that victims are concerned about whether they will be believed and taken seriously by the criminal justice system. Most victims view the criminal justice system as representative of society as a whole, and whether they are believed and taken seriously by the system indicates to them whether they are believed and taken seriously by society. VI. Bibliography 1. (Bachman, 1994; Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992; FBI Uniform Crime Reports, 1992; Hanson, Freedy, Kilpatrick, and Saunders, 1993; Kilpatrick, Seymour & Boyle, 1991; Breslau, Davis, Andreski, and Peterson, 1991; Kilpatrick , Resnick, Saunders, and Best, in press; Norris, 1992; Adler et al., 1994; Reiss & Roth, 1993; Rosenberg & Mercy, 1991). 2. Dussich, John and Kiyoko Kishimoto. 2000. â€Å"Victim Assistance in Japan: History, Culture and Programmes.† In Paul C. Friday and Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff (editors) Victimology at the Transition: From the 20th to the 21st Century: Essays in Honor of Hans Joachim Schneider. M nchengladbach, Germany: Shaker Verlag. 3. Schafer, Stephen. 1968. The Victim and His Criminal. New York: Random House. 4. www.wikipedia.com 5. www.google.com.ph â€Å"Victimology†